The Peace Caucus

The Wild Cards in Climate Change: Weather Warfare, Geoengineering and ENMOD

Wed Aug 22, 2007 12:45AM BST\nhttp://uk.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUKL2116455820070821\n\nLONDON (Reuters) - Building more nuclear power plants is too slow, costly and risky to help the fight against climate change and energy security, a UK environmental think-tank the New Economics Foundation said on Wednesday.\n\nSome countries, including Britain, are considering building a new generation of nuclear power stations to cut carbon emissions from power generation and reduce dependency on imported fossil fuels.\n\nBut, according to a report published by the foundation on Wednesday, the costs involved in building new reactors is up to three times higher than supporters of such plants say.\n\n"Nuclear power has been promoted as a solution to climate change and an answer to energy security. It is neither," the report concludes. "As a response to global warming it is too slow, too expensive and too limited."\n\nRather than wasting time and money on atomic energy, Britain and other countries concerned about rising carbon emissions should spend more on renewable energy sources that can deliver the carbon cuts more quickly, safely and economically, it said.\n\nThe think tank rejects the government's cost estimate of 2.2-5.0 pence per kilowatt hour of power produced by new nuclear power plants, instead putting the cost at 3.2-7.5 p/kWh.\n\nA report by Poyry Energy Consulting on Monday said the commercial case for building new nuclear power plants in Britain was shaky and that none would be built without a high and long-term cost attached to emitting carbon dioxide.\n\nThe report's author, Poyry director Andrew Nind, said the foundation's cost estimate was too high. "The bottom half of the range in broadly reasonable," he said.\n\n© Reuters 2007. All rights reserved. Fair use.\n

!!!C4. Capacity building\n11. Everyone should have the necessary skills to benefit fully from the Information Society. Therefore capacity building and ICT literacy are essential. ICTs can contribute to achieving universal education worldwide, through delivery of education and training of teachers, and offering improved conditions for lifelong learning, encompassing people that are outside the formal education process, and improving professional skills.\n## Develop domestic policies to ensure that ICTs are fully integrated in education and training at all levels, including in curriculum development, teacher training, institutional administration and management, and in support of the concept of lifelong learning.\n## Develop and promote programmes to eradicate illiteracy using ICTs at national, regional and international levels.\n## Promote e-literacy skills for all, for example by designing and offering courses for public administration, taking advantage of existing facilities such as libraries, multipurpose community centres, public access points and by establishing local ICT training centres with the cooperation of all stakeholders. Special attention should be paid to disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.\n## In the context of national educational policies, and taking into account the need to eradicate adult illiteracy, ensure that young people are equipped with knowledge and skills to use ICTs, including the capacity to analyse and treat information in creative and innovative ways, share their expertise and participate fully in the Information Society.\n## Governments, in cooperation with other stakeholders, should create programmes for capacity building with an emphasis on creating a critical mass of qualified and skilled ICT professionals and experts.\n## Develop pilot projects to demonstrate the impact of ICT-based alternative educational delivery systems, notably for achieving Education for All targets, including basic literacy targets.\n## Work on removing the gender barriers to ICT education and training and promoting equal training opportunities in ICT-related fields for women and girls. Early intervention programmes in science and technology should target young girls with the aim of increasing the number of women in ICT careers. Promote the exchange of best practices on the integration of gender perspectives in ICT education.\n## Empower local communities, especially those in rural and underserved areas, in ICT use and promote the production of useful and socially meaningful content for the benefit of all.\n## Launch education and training programmes, where possible using information networks of traditional nomadic and indigenous peoples, which provide opportunities to fully participate in the Information Society.\n## Design and implement regional and international cooperation activities to enhance the capacity, notably, of leaders and operational staff in developing countries and LDCs, to apply ICTs effectively in the whole range of educational activities. This should include delivery of education outside the educational structure, such as the workplace and at home.\n## Design specific training programmes in the use of ICTs in order to meet the educational needs of information professionals, such as archivists, librarians, museum professionals, scientists, teachers, journalists, postal workers and other relevant professional groups. Training of information professionals should focus not only on new methods and techniques for the development and provision of information and communication services, but also on relevant management skills to ensure the best use of technologies. Training of teachers should focus on the technical aspects of ICTs, on development of content, and on the potential possibilities and challenges of ICTs.\n## Develop distance learning, training and other forms of education and training as part of capacity building programmes. Give special attention to developing countries and especially LDCs in different levels of human resources development.\n## Promote international and regional cooperation in the field of capacity building, including country programmes developed by the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies\n## Launch pilot projects to design new forms of ICT-based networking, linking education, training and research institutions between and among developed and developing countries and countries with economies in transition.\n## Volunteering, if conducted in harmony with national policies and local cultures, can be a valuable asset for raising human capacity to make productive use of ICT tools and build a more inclusive Information Society. Activate volunteer programmes to provide capacity building on ICT for development, particularly in developing countries.\n## Design programmes to train users to develop self-learning and self-development capacities.

From the [[Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]] \n\n116. Education is critical for promoting sustainable development. It is therefore essential to mobilize necessary resources, including financial resources at all levels, by bilateral and multilateral donors, including the World Bank and the regional development banks, by civil society and by foundations, to complement the efforts by national governments to pursue the following goals and actions:\n## Meet the [[Millennium development goal|Millennium Development Goals]] of achieving universal primary education, ensuring that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling;\n## Provide all children, particularly those living in rural areas and those living in poverty, especially girls, with the access and opportunity to complete a full course of primary education. \n117. Provide financial assistance and support to education, research, public awareness programmes and developmental institutions in developing countries and countries with economies in transition in order to:\n## Sustain their educational infrastructures and programmes, including those related to environment and public health education;\n## Consider means of avoiding the frequent, serious financial constraints faced by many institutions of higher learning, including universities around the world, particularly in developing countries and countries in transition. \n118. Address the impact of HIV/AIDS on the educational system in those countries seriously affected by the pandemic.\n\n119. Allocate national and international resources for basic education as proposed by the [[Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All|http://www.un-documents.net/dakarfa.htm]] and for improved integration of sustainable development into education and in bilateral and multilateral development programmes, and improve integration between publicly funded research and development and development programmes.\n\n120. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, as provided in the Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All, and at all levels of education no later than 2015, to meet the development goals contained in the [[Millennium Declaration|http://www.un-documents.net/a55r2.htm]], with action to ensure, inter alia, equal access to all levels and forms of education, training and capacity-building by gender mainstreaming, and by creating a gender-sensitive educational system.\n\n121. Integrate sustainable development into education systems at all levels of education in order to promote education as a key agent for change.\n\n122. Develop, implement, monitor and review education action plans and programmes at the national, subnational and local levels, as appropriate, that reflect the Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All and that are relevant to local conditions and needs leading to the achievement of community development and make education for sustainable development a part of those plans.\n\n123. Provide all community members with a wide range of formal and non-formal continuing educational opportunities, including volunteer community service programmes, in order to end illiteracy and emphasize the importance of lifelong learning and promote sustainable development.\n\n124. Support the use of education to promote sustainable development, including through urgent actions at all levels to:\n## Integrate information and communications technology in school curriculum development to ensure its access by both rural and urban communities and provide assistance, particularly to developing countries, inter alia, for the establishment of an appropriate enabling environment required for such technology;\n## Promote, as appropriate, affordable and increased access to programmes for students, researchers and engineers from developing countries in the universities and research institutions of developed countries in order to promote the exchange of experience and capacity that will benefit all partners;\n## Continue to implement the work programme of the Commission on Sustainable Development on education for sustainable development;\n## Recommend to the United Nations General Assembly that it consider adopting a ''decade of education for sustainable development'', starting in 2005.

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the '' "' web site. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/@@\n<html><iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm"\n title = "2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories">\n</iframe></html>

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''General Assembly Resolution A/RES/57/254''. //20 December 2002//\n\n''United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development''\n\n//The General Assembly//,\n\n//Recalling// [[chapter 36 of Agenda 21|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36.htm]], on promoting education, public awareness and training, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992,\n\n//Reaffirming// the internationally agreed development goal of achieving universal primary education, in particular that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling,\n\n//Appreciating// the contribution made by the Commission on Sustainable Development to the issue of education for sustainable development since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,\n\n//Welcoming// the fact that the [[Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]] ("Johannesburg Plan of Implementation") confirmed the importance of education for sustainable development and recommended that the General Assembly consider adopting a decade of education for sustainable development starting in 2005,\n\n//Emphasizing// that education is an indispensable element for achieving sustainable development,\n\n1. //Decides// to proclaim the ten-year period beginning on 1 January 2005 the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development;\n\n2. //Designates// the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as the lead agency for the promotion of the Decade, and requests it to develop a draft international implementation scheme, clarifying its relationship with the existing educational processes, in particular the [[Dakar Framework for Action|http://www.un-documents.net/dakarfa.htm]] adopted at the World Education Forum/3 and the [[United Nations Literacy Decade|http://www.unesco.org/education/litdecade/]], in consultation with the United Nations and other relevant international organizations, Governments, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders, with a view to providing recommendations for Governments on how to promote and improve the integration of education for sustainable development in their respective educational strategies and action plans at the appropriate level;\n\n3. //Invites// Governments to consider the inclusion of measures to implement the Decade in their respective educational strategies and action plans by 2005, taking into account the international implementation scheme to be prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization;\n\n4. //Decides// to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-eighth session an item entitled "United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development".

''General Assembly Resolution A/RES/58/219''. //23 December 2003//\n''United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development''\n\n//The General Assembly//,\n\n//Recalling// [[chapter 36 of Agenda 21|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36,htm]], on promoting education, public awareness and training, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3 to 14 June 1992,\n\n//Recalling also// the relevant provisions of the [[Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]] ("Johannesburg Plan of Implementation") on education, in particular its provision 124 (//d//) on the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development,\n\n//Recalling further// its [[resolution 57/254|57/254. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] of 20 December 2002,\n\n//Reaffirming// the internationally agreed development goal of achieving universal primary education, in particular that by 2015 children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling,\n\n//Taking note// of the report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development,\n\n//Welcoming// the fact that the Commission on Sustainable Development, at its eleventh session, identified education as one of the cross-cutting issues of its multi-year programme of work,\n\n//Emphasizing// that education is an indispensable element for achieving sustainable development,\n\n1. //Takes note// of the Framework for a Draft International Implementation Scheme prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, requests the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, as the designated lead agency, to promote the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, in coordination with other relevant United Nations agencies and programmes, and further requests it to finalize the international implementation scheme, while clarifying its relationship with the existing educational processes, in particular the [[Dakar Framework for Action|http://www.un-documents.net/dakarfa.htm]] adopted at the World Education Forum and the [[United Nations Literacy Decade|http://www.unesco.org/education/litdecade/]], in consultation with Governments, the United Nations and other relevant international organizations, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders;\n\n2. //Reaffirms// that education for sustainable development is critical for promoting sustainable development, and in this regard encourages Governments to consider the inclusion of measures to implement the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development in their respective educational strategies and national development plans by 2005;\n\n3. //Invites// Governments to promote public awareness of and wider participation in the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, including through cooperation and initiatives engaging civil society and other relevant stakeholders;\n\n4. //Decides// to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-ninth session, under the item entitled "Environment and sustainable development", a sub-item entitled "United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development".

''General Assembly Resolution 59/237''. //22 December 2004//\n''United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development''\n\n//The General Assembly//,\n\n//Recalling// [[chapter 36 of Agenda 21|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36.htm]], on promoting education, public awareness and training, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3 to 14 June 1992,\n\n//Recalling also// the work programme on education, public awareness and training initiated by the Commission on Sustainable Development at its fourth session in 1996 and elaborated upon at its sixth session in 1998,\n\n//Recalling further// the relevant provisions of the [[Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]] ("Johannesburg Plan of Implementation") on education to promote sustainable development, in particular its provision 124,\n\n//Recalling// its resolutions [[57/254|57/254. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] of 20 December 2002 and [[58/219|58/219. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] of 23 December 2003,\n\n//Underlining// in this regard the fact that the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development shall begin on 1 January 2005,\n\n//Welcoming// the fact that the Commission on Sustainable Development, at its eleventh session, identified education as one of the cross-cutting issues of its multiyear programme of work,\n\n//Reaffirming// the internationally agreed development goal of achieving universal primary education, in particular that by 2015 children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling and that boys and girls will have equal access to all levels of education,\n\n//Taking note// of the oral report presented on 18 October 2004 at the fifty-ninth session of the General Assembly by the Assistant Director-General for Education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization regarding its preparations for the Decade,\n\n//Taking note also// of the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction,in particular the reference to the issue "Learning to live with risk", as regards the need to focus on education and awareness, linked with the Decade, to be considered at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, to be held in Kobe, Japan, from 18 to 22 January 2005,\n\n//Emphasizing// that education is an indispensable element for achieving sustainable development,\n\n1. //Reaffirms// that education for sustainable development is critical for promoting sustainable development;\n\n2. //Requests// the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, as the designated lead agency, to promote the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, in coordination with other relevant United Nations organizations and programmes, while taking into account the special needs of developing countries;\n\n3. //Requests// the Secretary-General to call upon the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to finalize the draft international implementation scheme for the Decade as soon as possible, preferably by the beginning of the Decade, in consultation with Governments, the United Nations and relevant international organizations, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders, while clarifying its relationship with the existing educational processes, in particular the [[Dakar Framework for Action|http://www.un-documents.net/dakarfa.htm]] adopted at the World Education Forum and the [[United Nations Literacy Decade|http://www.unesco.org/education/litdecade/]];\n\n4. //Also requests// the Secretary-General to call upon the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to submit the draft international implementation scheme to the governing bodies of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for their final consideration and adoption;\n\n5. //Encourages// Governments to consider the inclusion, especially upon completion and adoption of the international implementation scheme, of measures to implement the Decade in their respective educational systems and strategies and, where appropriate, national development plans;\n\n6. //Invites// Governments to promote public awareness of and wider participation in the Decade, inter alia, through cooperation with and initiatives engaging civil society and other relevant stakeholders, especially at the beginning of the Decade;\n\n7. //Requests// the Secretary-General to invite the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to prepare a midterm review of the implementation of the Decade, for submission to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session under the sub-item entitled "United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development".

The ''60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference'', organized by an NGO '''Planning Committee''' in partnership with the United Nations Department of Public Information, will be held from September 5-7, 2007 at UN Headquarters in New York on the theme: ''Climate Change: How It Impacts Us All''. http://www.undpingoconference.org\n\nThe ''60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference'' was the last to be held at UN Headquarters for several years, and a component of the design of this site is based on the vision of building a prototype online framework that would facilitate broad-based NGO participation in future Annual DPI/NGO Conferences.\n!! Conference participants\nApproximately 2,000 representatives of ~NGOs from around the world are expected to participate in the Conference.\n!! Conference Agenda\n!!! Plenary & Roundtable Sessions\n<<<\n!!!! Opening Session\n!!!! Climate Change: The Scientific Evidence\n!!!! Climate Change: Indigenous Peoples, Culture & Traditional Knowledge\n!!!! Water Security & Climate Change\n!!!! [[Coping With Climate Change: Best Land Use Practices]]\n!!!! The Economics & Politics of Climate Change\n!!!! Climate Change: Streamlining the System\n!!!! Sustainable Development & the Responsibility to Protect\n!!!! Closing Session\n<<<\n!!! ~Mid-Day Workshops\nIn addition to the roundtable sessions, 33 workshops addressing issues relating to the roundtable themes and organized by ~NGOs, will be held between 1:15 and 2:45 pm each day of the conference.\n!! See also\n* [[Draft DPI/NGO 2007 Declaration on Climate Change]]\n* [[NGO Framework for Action on Climate Change]]\n* [[Climate Change Summer]]\n

[img[http://www.climate-change-two.net/climate.png]]\n> //United Nations Headquarters, New York, NY. Friday 6 September, 2007//\n!! Climate Change Threats - An NGO Framework for Action^^/1^^\nWe, over 1726 participants representing over 500 ~Non-Governmental Organisations from more than 62 countries,\n* recognising that we share one planet and its environment, as well as a responsibility to protect future generations,\n* recognising the special vulnerabilities of the indigenous, poor, coastal and rural populations,\n* having met at the [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] at UN Headquarters from 5-7 September, 2007, with representatives of Member States, UN agencies and programs, the scientific community, the private sector, media and civil society, and\n* having reviewed the latest scientific evidence from a wide variety of experts as well as hearing about the experiences of indigenous peoples to better understand climate change, its threats and how ~NGOs can broaden the base for knowledge and action to reduce those threats; make the following declaration:\n# We affirm that climate change is mainly anthropogenic and is one of the most serious threats humanity and our environment have ever faced which if not addressed will cause:\n## catastrophic effects to Earth's ecosystems, biodiversity and infrastructure;\n## significantly reduced availability of food, water, energy and transport;\n## massive migration of populations and the possible destruction of entire cultures and small island nations,\n## significant damage to our economic, political, cultural, social and spiritual structures,\n## increased local, national and international violence,\n## significant psychological and emotional distress to individuals and communities\n## irreversible harm to the lifestyles of indigenous peoples,\n## increased spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, and\n## negative impacts on human health and life expectancy.\n# We commit ourselves over the next 12 months to a Framework for Action that will propose NGO solutions to these threats before they become irreversible:\n## unify behind a common vision of collaboration - even if we disagree on tactics - to develop and implement plans for adaptation and mitigation1 taking into account the full range of consequences;\n## act as vocal, active partners for change with the UN, governments at all levels, ~NGOs and other members of our global community;\n## develop, implement and publicize individual and collaborative action plans for personal, economic and political change.\n# We commend ~Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's leadership in highlighting climate change as a major priority. We urge government, industry, and UN leaders, in partnership with the NGO community to emphasise proactive climate change priorities for the greater good in preparation for the [[UN Climate Change Conference in Bali]], December, 2007, and subsequent negotiations.\n# We strongly recommend, for the sake of future generations, that government and industry leaders, the UN, other international organizations and the whole of civil society partner behind and implement concrete solutions, taking into account recommendations that emerge from the Framework for Action.\n# We also strongly recommend that:\n## all governments and civil society foster an ethical, moral foundation for ongoing sustainable development in our interdependent world making the well-being of all of humankind our priority.\n## all educational institutions and media organizations more effectively educate about the issue of climate change with special emphasis on youth,\n## governmental authorities consider penalties for excessive consumption and pollution as a method of financing climate change improvements, as well as financial incentives to foster climate-friendly technologies so that fossil fuel and nuclear based technologies can be phased out.\n## governments recognize that war is damaging to the climate.\n## all governments ratify UN conventions on climate change, the Kyoto protocol and other relevant climate conventions\n# Finally, in order to implement the Framework for Action - recognizing that our views on challenges and opportunities will evolve as this process continues - we request that:\n## the [[NGO/DPI Executive Committee]] and the [[Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations|Conference Of NGOs]] (CONGO) foster a plan as soon as possible to implement the Framework as a tool for the NGO community to participate in an open, practical and transparent collaborative approach based on networking;\n## the Framework discussion culminate in an internet-based progress report to be submitted to the ~Secretary-General in one year and that a long-term dialogue for future action be fostered thereafter;\n## the Framework process should network ~NGOs that might not otherwise typically collaborate by bridging the spectrum of NGO concerns interconnected by climate change, such as sustainable development, agriculture, forestry, issues affecting indigenous peoples, biodiversity, livestock and animal welfare, nuclear proliferation, the end of war, justice, ethnic groups, multigenerational issues, youth, gender equality, education, poverty, food and water security, culture of peace, interfaith cooperation, national global security and economic justice, as well as mental, spiritual and physical health.\n\n1/ Adaptation implies making lifestyle adjustments. Mitigation implies alleviating the problem.\n\n[[Declaration Process|60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference Declaration: Process]]\n

!! Climate Change Threats - An NGO Framework for Action\nThe Preparatory Committee of the [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] (September 5-7, 2007) invites all participants to concur by consensus on September 7th with the Declaration on the reverse of this sheet.\n\nSubstantive suggestions for improvement are also invited; but they must be received by 6pm on September 6th and should foster a consensus. Recommendation forms should be placed into the boxes in Conference Rooms 1 and 4, or given to the Drafting Committee members, Mr. Larry Roeder, Dr. William Gellermann and Ms. Moki Kokoris, who will often be in the UN Cafeteria near the windows overlooking the East River. Recommended suggestions MUST BE 25 words or less.\n\nThe Drafting Committee's work is supervised by a Senior Review Committee made up of Sister Joan Kirby (outgoing Chairperson of the NGO/DPI Executive Committee), Jeffery Huffines (incoming Chair of the NGO/DPI Executive Committee), and Richard Jordan (Chair of the 60th NGO/DPI Conference)\n\nMembers of the NGO/DPI and ECOSOC NGO communities deal with a spectrum of issues that might not normally involve collaboration; but networking will be crucial to dealing with Climate Change, especially as it challenges all of us. The purpose of the Declaration is to provide a framework for action and collaborative networking, a tool to enable us to work together on the threats of climate change, which is essential to serving all of our particular mandates.\n\nThe Declaration envisages that over the next 12 months, we will collaborate and report our efforts to the ~Secretary-General, while continuing our collaboration in coping with the threats. The process by which this is to be done will be facilitated by the NGO/DPI Executive Committee. The recommendations that come out of the process do not need to have full consensus support across the entire NGO community; but they do need to be developed in the spirit of collaboration with and among all ~NGOs.

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Made by Faith Community Participants during the United Nations Climate Change Conference (~COP11 and COP/~MOP1), St. Joseph ’s Oratory, Montreal December 4, 2005\n* We hear the call of the Earth.\n* We believe that caring for life on Earth is a spiritual commitment.\n* People and other species have the right to life unthreatened by human greed and destructiveness.\n* Pollution, particularly from the energy-intensive wealthy industrialised countries, is warming the atmosphere. A warmer atmosphere is leading to major climate changes. The poor and vulnerable in the world and future generations will suffer the most.\n* We commit ourselves to help reduce the threat of climate change through actions in our own lives, pressure on governments and industries and standing in solidarity with those most affected by climate change.\n* We pray for spiritual support in responding to the call of the Earth.\n> From [[Protecting Creation: People of faith acting together for climate justice|http://protectingcreation.org/ccdeclaration.htm]]\n

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!! A. Introduction\nThis Summary sets out the key policy-relevant findings of the Fourth Assessment of Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).\n\nThe Assessment is of current scientific understanding of impacts of climate change on natural, managed and human systems, the capacity of these systems to adapt and their vulnerability^^1^^. It builds upon past IPCC assessments and incorporates new knowledge gained since the Third Assessment.\n\nStatements in this Summary are based on chapters in the Assessment and principal sources are given at the end of each paragraph^^2^^.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was jointly established in 1988, by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its present terms of reference are to:\n* Assess available information on the science, the impacts, and the economics of -- and the options for mitigating and/ or adapting to -- climate change.\n* Provide, on request, scientific/technical/socio-economic advice to the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).\nSince its establishment, the IPCC has produced a series of Assessment Reports (1990, 1995, and 2001), Special Reports, Technical Papers, and methodologies, such as the Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, which have become standard works of reference, widely used by policymakers, scientists, and other experts and students.\n\nThis Synthesis Report completes the four-volume Third Assessment Report (TAR). It addresses specifically the issues of concern to the policymaker, in the context of Article 2 of the UNFCCC -- issues such as the extent to which human activities have influenced and will in the future influence the global climate, the impacts of a changed climate on ecological and socio-economic systems, and existing and projected technical and policy capacity to address anthropogenic climate change. It explores briefly the linked nature of a number of multilateral environmental conventions. It draws on the work of hundreds of experts from all regions of the world who have in the past and at present participated in the IPCC process. As is customary in the IPCC, success in producing this report has depended first and foremost on the dedication, enthusiasm, and cooperation of these experts in many different but related disciplines.\n\nWe take this opportunity to express our heart-felt gratitude to the authors and reviewers of all the IPCC reports and Technical Papers, particularly the TAR. We thank likewise the IPCC Bureau; Dr. Sundararaman, Secretary of IPCC, and his Secretariat staff; and those staffing the Technical Support Units of the three Working Groups. We acknowledge with gratitude the governments and organizations that contribute to the IPCC Trust Fund, and provide support to the experts and in other ways. The IPCC has been especially successful in engaging in its work a large number of experts from the developing countries and countries with their economies in transition; the Trust Fund enables extending financial assistance for their travel to IPCC meetings.\n\nWe thank the Chairman of the IPCC, Dr. Robert T. Watson, for guiding the effort in completing the TAR.\n\n''G.O.P. Obasi''\nSecretary General\nWorld Meteorological Organization\n\n''K. Töpfer''\nExecutive Director\nUnited Nations Environment Programme\nand Director-General\nUnited Nations Office in Nairobi

* [[Question 1|IPCC AR3: Question 1]]\n** What can scientific, technical, and socio-economic analyses contribute to the determination of what constitutes dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system as referred to in Article 2 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change?\n* [[Question 2|IPCC AR3: Question 2]]\n** What is the evidence for, causes of, and consequences of changes in the Earth's climate since the pre-industrial era?\n* [[Question 3|IPCC AR3: Question 3]]\n** What is known about the regional and global climatic, environmental, and socio-economic consequences in the next 25, 50, and 100 years associated with a range of greenhouse gas emissions arising from scenarios used in the TAR (projections which involve no climate policy intervention)?\n* [[Question 4|IPCC AR3: Question 4]]\n** What is known about the influence of the increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and the projected human-induced change in climate regionally and globally ... [[more|Question 4|IPCC AR3: Question 4]]\n* [[Question 5|IPCC AR3: Question 5]]\n** What is known about the inertia and time scales associated with the changes in the climate system, ecological systems, and socio-economic sectors and their interactions?\n* [[Question 6|IPCC AR3: Question 6]]\n** How does the extent and timing of the introduction of a range of emissions reduction actions determine and affect the rate, magnitude, and impacts of climate change, and affect the global and regional economy, taking into account the historical and current emissions?\n** What is known from sensitivity studies about regional and global climatic, environmental, and socio-economic consequences of stabilizing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (in carbon dioxide equivalents), at a range of levels from today's to double that level or more, taking into account to the extent possible the effects of aerosols?\n* [[Question 7|IPCC AR3: Question 7]]\n** What is known about the potential for, and costs and benefits of, and time frame for reducing greenhouse gas emissions?\n* [[Question 8|IPCC AR3: Question 8]] \n** What is known about the interactions between projected human-induced changes in climate and other environmental issues (e.g., urban air pollution, regional acid deposition, loss of biological diversity, stratospheric ozone depletion, and desertification and land degradation)?\n** What is known about environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits and implications of these interactions for integrating climate change response strategies in an equitable manner into broad sustainable development strategies at the local, regional, and global scales?\n* [[Question 9|IPCC AR3: Question 9]]\n** What are the most robust findings and key uncertainties regarding attribution of climate change and regarding model projections?\n\n\n

This Synthesis Report with its Summary for Policymakers is the fourth and final part of the Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It draws together and integrates for the benefit of policy makers, and others, and in response to questions identified by governments and subsequently agreed by the IPCC, information that has been approved and/ or accepted by the IPCC.1 It is intended to assist governments, individually and collectively, in formulating appropriate adaptation and mitigation responses to the threat of human-induced climate change.\n\nThe Synthesis Report is based mainly on the contributions of the three IPCC Working Groups to the TAR, but also uses information from earlier IPCC assessments, Special Reports, and Technical Papers. It follows the question and answer format, and is in two parts: a Summary for Policymakers and a longer document that contains expanded responses to each of the questions posed by governments. The Summary for Policymakers references the appropriate paragraphs in the longer report, while the longer report contains references to the source of the material on which the response is based -- that is, the Summaries for Policymakers and chapters from previously approved and accepted Working Group contributions to the TAR and earlier IPCC reports and Technical Papers (see the accompanying box for cross-referencing nomenclature).\n\nThe procedures for approving the Summary for Policymakers and adopting the balance of the Synthesis Report were formalized by the IPCC at its Fifteenth Session (San Jose, Costa Rica, 15-18 April 1999). A draft of the Synthesis Report and its Summary for Policymakers was prepared by a team of lead authors, who were involved in preparation of the TAR, and submitted for simultaneous government/ technical and expert review. The revised drafts were circulated to governments in a final distribution before approval/ adoption at the IPCC's Eighteenth Session (Wembley, United Kingdom, 24- 29 September 2001).\n\nThe Synthesis Report consists of nine policy-relevant questions:\n* [[Question 1]] addresses the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is found in Article 2 (i. e., what constitutes "dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system") and provides a framework for placing the issue of climate change in the context of sustainable development.\n* [[Question 2]] assesses and, where possible, attributes observed changes in climate and ecological systems since the pre-industrial era.\n* [[Questions 3|Question 3]] and [[4|Question 4]] assess the impact of future emissions of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol precursors (without specific policies to mitigate climate change) on climate, including changes in variability and extreme events and in ecological and socio-economic systems.\n* [[Question 5]] discusses inertia in the climate, ecological systems, and socio-economic sectors, and implications for mitigation and adaptation.\n* [[Question 6]] assesses the near-and long-term implications of stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on climate, ecological systems, and socio-economic sectors.\n* [[Question 7]] assesses the technologies, policies, and costs of near-and long-term actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.\n* [[Question 8]] identifies the interactions between climate change, other environmental issues, and development.\n* [[Question 9]] summarizes the most robust findings and key uncertainties.\n!!! [[Thanks|AR3-Synthesis: Thanks]]\n!!! [[Publication of the Synthesis Report|AR3-Synthesis: Publication]]\nR. T. Watson\nIPCC Chair\n\nN. Sundararaman\nIPCC Secretary

The Synthesis Report with its Summary for Policymakers was originally published in a single volume together with the Summaries for Policymakers and Technical Summaries of the Working Group contributions to the TAR, as well as a comprehensive, consolidated glossary. The Synthesis Report is also available in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish -- the other official languages of the IPCC. The Synthesis Report is also available as a stand-alone publication, as are discrete brochures consisting of the Summaries for Policymakers, Technical Summaries, and glossaries of the respective Working Group reports. The full English text of all four volumes comprising the Third Assessment Report has been published in both print and digital form, with searchable versions available on cd-rom and at http://www.ipcc.ch.

We take this opportunity to thank:\n* The Core Writing Team who drafted this report and, with their meticulous and painstaking attention to detail, finalized it\n* Other members of the IPCC Bureau who acted as Review Editors\n* The members of the Working Groups' teams of Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors who helped with the initial drafting\n* The Heads and the staff of the Technical Support Units of the three Working Groups, particularly David Dokken, Maria Noguer, and Paul van der Linden for logistical and editorial support\n* The Head and the staff of the GRID office at Arendal, Norway -- Philippe Rekacewicz in particular -- for working with the author team on the graphics contained in the Synthesis Report\n* The staff of the IPCC Secretariat for innumerable administrative tasks performed.

This web site is based on a TiddlyWiki platform - a unique and brilliant design for a self-contained, [[Creative Commons]] "Wiki". Wiki is a Hawaiian word meaning //swift// or //swiftly//, and TiddlyWiki is the wikiest wiki to date. Unlike most web sites that consist of multiple, linked web pages, all of the content in a TiddlyWiki is contained in a single web page, that contains numerous sub-pages, known as "tiddlers".\n\nAmong other things, this means you can download the whole web site very easily - i.e. by just saving the site as a "Web page, HTML only" and customize it for your own needs, e.g. adding content or key words / tags.\n\nA TiddlyWiki page uses simple formatting codes for its tiddlers - similar, but not identical to the codes used in <<wikipedia Wikipedia>> and each tiddler can have one or more "tags" or "key words" that are displayed adjacent to the tiddler. This makes TiddlyWiki the easiest and quickest platform for creating and maintaining a web site.\n\nFrom a design standpoint, what makes TiddlyWiki unique is that not only can tiddlers contain and siplay text, images, links, etc, but the appearance and format of a TiddlyWiki is defined by "style sheets and "styles" that are themselves contained in tiddlers. In addition, a tiddler can include Javascript - the language that powers TiddlyWiki - that can add very useful features over and above those in the standard TiddlyWiki.

The [[Peace Caucus]] is a network of individuals and organizations ... \n[[Climate Change 2.0]] is an evolving open public/private network of organizations and individuals committed to harnessing the powers of information and communications technology in addressing convened by [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]], an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the UN Economic and Social Council. ''Climate Change 2.0'' is powered by a ''networked information economy'' - described brilliantly by [[Yochai Benkler]] in [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] and draws on an extensive set of freely available resources, networks and information relating to sustainable development, climate change, software and the digital commons,\n\n!!The Team\n* [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]]\n** [[Robert Pollard]], Founder & Professor of Information Ecology, and Convenor of Climate Change 2.0\n** Kathleen Quain, NGO Representative; President, Foundation for Health and the Environment\n** [[Faye C. Feller]], Alternate NGO Representative; Executive Director, National Association of Women for the Arts\n** Isobel Lowther, Alternate NGO Representative; Co-Founder, Kaleidoscope Experience\n** Kathleen Kelly, Alternate NGO Representative\n** Judith Lantigua, Alternate NGO Representative\n** Charles Vasquez, Intern\n* [[Metro City Media]]\n** Dolly Nielsen, Executive Producer\n[[Acknowledgments]]\n* [[Copyrights|Acknowledgment: Copyrights]]\n* [[Organizations|Acknowledgments: Organizations]]\n* [[Individuals|Acknowledgments: Individuals]]\n* [[Software contributions|Acknowledgment: Software contributions]]\n!! Honorary members\n\n* ''Yochai Benkler'', Joseph M. Field '55 Professor of Law, Yale University +++\nYochai Benkler is Professor of Law at Yale Law School since 2003. His expertise is in information law and policy in the digital environment, communications law, and intellectual property. Before starting to teach, he clerked for the Honorable Stephen Breyer, U.S. Supreme Court. His books include [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] (Yale University Press 2006). Selected articles include Coase's Penguins, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm, 112 Yale Law Journal 369 (2002) and Freedom in the Commons, Towards a Political Economy of Information, 52 Duke L.J. 1245 (2003). Professor Benkler has an LL.B. from Tel-Aviv University and a J.D. from Harvard University.\n===\n\n* ''Barbara Ann O'Leary'', Founder, Authenticity\n\n

This web site incorporates an extensive set of copy rights, and a detailed delineation of all the various rights associated with its content . There are two principal sets of copy rights: those associated with the TiddlyWiki software and the set of [[Plugin Macros]], and those associated with the text. Most of the software is - from the TiddlyWiki

This web site has been made possible thanks to a set of powerful software tools and languages that serve a wide variety of aspects of the task of gathering, organizing and disseminating information and documents relating to climate change, sustainable development and information and communications technology.\n\nThe software that has contributed to site can be separated into several categories the following is a partial list:\n!! TiddlyWikiPerfect\n* TiddlyWiki\n* [[Cascading Style Sheets]]\n* [[Plugin Macros]]\n* [[HyperText Markup Language]]\n!! Database\n* [[DataPerfect]] - Brilliant relational database software (companion of the legendary ~WordPerfect for DOS) that has served as the principal database engine - ''Free''. Use\n!!Word processing\n* ''~WordPerfect 5.1+'' - Still unsurpassed as a word processor in its power and elegance\n** ''WP Program Editor 3.1'' - versatile DOS editor for text and for ~WordPerfect macros - ''Free''\n** ''Corel ~WordPerfect'' - \n** ''Corel ~WordPerfect X3'' - Converts pdf files to ~WordPerfect format - Free 30 day evaluation\n* ''Notepad'' - versatile program, mostly used as a bridge between DOS and Windows documents and for simple text editing\n!! Wiki software & sites\n* ''TiddlyWiki'' -\n** ~TiddlyWiki plugins\n* ''Wikipedia''\n* ''The Wealth of Networks Wiki notes''\n!! Web browsers\n* ''~FireFox'' - Recommended web browser - ''Open Source''\n** ''~FireFox extensions''\n!! Search tools\n* ''Google''\n** Personalized search\n** Cooperative Search Engine\n** ''Google News''\n** ''Google Groups''\n** ''Google Video''\n** ''GMail''\n** ''~YouTube''\n!! PDF Tools\n* ''Adobe Acrobat Reader'' - Free reader for pdf files\n** ''Adobe Acrobat Professional'' - Free 30 day evaluation\n** PrimoPDF'' - Free printer driver for creating pdf files\n* ''pdf995 Suite'' - pdf printer driver \n** ''ABBYY Fine Reader'' - Optical Character Recognition with support for pdf files - Free 30 day evaluation\n** ''ABBYY PDF Transformer'' - Converts pdf files to Rich Text Format, HTML, etc.\n* ''WS_FTP Limited Edition''\n!! Graphics software\n* ''Graphics Workstation Professional''\n** ''Camera Screen Capture''\n* ''Adobe Photoshop''\n!! Social Bookmarking\n* ''Blue Dot''\n** ''del.icio.us''\n!! Utility software\n* ''Total Commander''\n* ''Norton Utilities''\n* ''System Mechanic''\n* ''~SpyBot''

http://www.edmonds-institute.org/pimiento.html

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''Agenda 21'' was adopted as the principal agreement of the 1992 [[Earth Summit]], held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with the intention of charting a transition to a sustainable development path for the 21st century, based on principles incorporated in the [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]]. Agenda 21 broke new ground in the realm of international agreements in highlighting the interrelationship between economic development, social development and the environment, and with the inclusion of a section on "Strengthening the Role of Major Groups" that recognizes the necessity of broad-based participation of all sectors of society in the transition to sustainable development.\n\n''1. Preamble'' +++\n<<tiddler "Agenda 21: Preamble">>\n===\n\n!!! I. Social and Economic Dimensions +++\n> [[2. International Cooperation to Accelerate Sustainable Development in Developing Countries and Related Domestic Policies|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-02.htm]]\n> [[3. Combating Poverty|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-03.htm]]\n> [[4. Changing Consumption Patterns|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-04.htm]]\n> [[5. Demographic Dynamics and Sustainability|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-05.htm]]\n> [[6. Protecting and Promoting Human Health|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-06.htm]]\n> [[7. Promoting Sustainable Human Settlement Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-07.htm]]\n> [[8. Integrating Environment and Development in Decision-Making|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-08.htm]]\n===\n\n!!! II. Conservation and Management of Resources for Development +++\n> [[9. Protection of the Atmosphere|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-09.htm]]\n> [[10. Integrated Approach to the Planning and Management of Land Resources|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-10.htm]]\n> [[11. Combating Deforestation|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-11.htm]]\n> [[12. Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Drought|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-12.htm]]\n> [[13. Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Sustainable Mountain Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-13.htm]]\n> [[14. Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-14.htm]]\n> [[15. Conservation of Biological Diversity|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-15.htm]]\n> [[16. Environmentally Sound Management of Biotechnology|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-16.htm]]\n> [[17. Protection of the Oceans, All Kinds of Seas, including Enclosed and Semi-enclosed Seas, and Coastal Areas and the Protection, Rational Use and Development of their Living Resources|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-17.htm]]\n> [[18. Protection of the Quality and Supply of Freshwater Resources: Application of Integrated Approaches to the Development, Management and Use of Water Resources|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-18.htm]]\n> [[19. Environmentally Sound Management of Toxic Chemicals, Including Prevention of Illegal International Traffic in Toxic and Dangerous Products|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-19.htm]]\n> [[20. Environmentally Sound Management of Hazardous Wastes, Including Prevention of Illegal International Traffic in Hazardous Wastes|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-20.htm]]\n> [[21. Environmentally Sound Management of Solid Wastes and Sewage-related Issues|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-21.htm]]\n> [[22. Safe and Environmentally Sound Management of Radioactive Wastes|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-22.htm]]\n===\n\n!!! III. Strengthening the Role of Major Groups +++\n> [[23. Preamble|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-23.htm]]\n> [[24. Global Action for Women Towards Sustainable and Equitable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-24.htm]]\n> [[25. Children and Youth in Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-25.htm]]\n> [[26. Recognizing and Strengthening the Role of Indigenous People and their Communities|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-26.htm]]\n> [[27. Strengthening the Role of Non-governmental Organizations: Partners for Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-27.htm]]\n> [[28. Local Authorities' Initiatives in Support of Agenda 21|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-28.htm]]\n> [[29. Strengthening the Role of Workers and their Trade Unions|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-29.htm]]\n> [[30. Strengthening the Role of Business and Industry|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-30.htm]]\n> [[31. Scientific and Technological Community|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-31.htm]]\n> [[32. Strengthening the Role of Farmers|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-32.htm]]\n===\n\n!!! IV. Means of Implementation +++\n> [[33. Financial Resources and Mechanisms|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-33.htm]]\n> [[34. Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology, Cooperation and Capacity-building|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-34.htm]]\n> [[35. Science for Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-35.htm]]\n> [[36. Promoting Education, Public Awareness and Training|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36.htm]]\n> [[37. National Mechanisms and International Cooperation for Capacity-building in Developing Countries|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-37.htm]]\n> [[38. International Institutional Arrangements|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-38.htm]]\n> [[39. International Legal Instruments and Mechanisms|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-39.htm]]\n> [[40. Information for Decision-making|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-40.htm]]\n===

# Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are confronted with a perpetuation of disparities between and within nations, a worsening of poverty, hunger, ill health and illiteracy, and the continuing deterioration of the ecosystems on which we depend for our well-being. However, integration of environment and development concerns and greater attention to them will lead to the fulfilment of basic needs, improved living standards for all, better protected and managed ecosystems and a safer, more prosperous future. No nation can achieve this on its own; but together we can - in a global partnership for sustainable development.\n# This global partnership must build on the premises of General Assembly [[resolution 44/228|http://www.un-documents.net/a44r228.htm]] of 22 December 1989, which was adopted when the nations of the world called for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and on the acceptance of the need to take a balanced and integrated approach to environnment and development questions.\n# Agenda 21 addresses the pressing problems of today and also aims at preparing the world for the challenges of the next century. It reflects a global consensus and political commitment at the highest level on development and environment cooperation. Its successful implementation is first and foremost the responsibility of Governments. National strategies, plans, policies and processes are crucial in achieving this. International cooperation should support and supplement such national efforts. In this context, the United Nations system has a key role to play. Other international, regional and subregional organizations are also called upon to contribute to this effort. The broadest public participation and the active involvement of the non-governmental organizations and other groups should also be encouraged.\n# The developmental and environmental objectives of Agenda 21 will require a substantial flow of new and additional financial resources to developing countries, in order to cover the incremental costs for the actions they have to undertake to deal with global environmental problems and to accelerate sustainable development. Financial resources are also required for strengthening the capacity of international institutions for the implementation of Agenda 21. An indicative order-of-magnitude assessment of costs is included in each of the programme areas. This assessment will need to be examined and refined by the relevant implementing agencies and organizations.\n# In the implementation of the relevant programme areas identified in Agenda 21, special attention should be given to the particular circumstances facing the economies in transition. It must also be recognized that these countries are facing unprecedented challenges in transforming their economies, in some cases in the midst of considerable social and political tension.\n# The programme areas that constitute Agenda 21 are described in terms of the basis for action, objectives, activities and means of implementation. Agenda 21 is a dynamic programme. It will be carried out by the various actors according to the different situations, capacities and priorities of countries and regions in full respect of all the principles contained in the [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]]. It could evolve over time in the light of changing needs and circumstances. This process marks the beginning of a new global partnership for sustainable development.

Allan Buckmann is President of Microbe Tech, Inc., a Biological Remediation Company using patented all natural, beneficial micro-organism formulas to clean water, renew soil, remove pollution including chemicals and many metals, reduce nutrients of all kinds, remove pathogentic conditions and pathogens, clean sewage and animal waste, and supplement human and animal health with digestibles. He promotes the ability of beneficial and natural soil organisms to organically and naturally restore a healthy planet.\n\nAllan was trained as a Meteorological Technician (weatherman) with the United States Air Force from 1960-64, and is familiar with clouds and weather. He served as a Wildlife ~Manager-Biologist with the California Department of Fish and Game and has been a wildlife observer and field scientist for over 38 years.

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<html><center><b>March 26, 2007</b><br>\n<b>1 hour, 36 minutes</b><br>\n<embed src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docid=-6669123891673213585&hl=en" style="width:325px; height:265px;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" id="VideoPlayback"> </embed></center></html>

April 18, 1996\n\n//(Draft Working Paper)//\n\n''Analysis of the Advance Unedited Edition of the Habitat II Agenda from a Peace Perspective''\n\n(We studied the document and are discussing at caucus meetings to determine which language we will endorse. This is just the start of that work. Our current recommended changes are in bold language without parentheses. The parenthetical bold comments are simply comments to help us through the document. We also compared similar language suggested by other countries and organizations.)\n\nII. GOALS AND PRINCIPLES\n\n13. (Note: There is some redundant language here.) Civil, ethnic and religious strife, nuclear armament, armed conflicts, alien and colonial domination, foreign occupation, international economic imbalance, coercive economic measures, poverty, organized crime, and terrorism in all its forms are destructive to sustainable human settlement development and should therefore be renounced by all States. We believe that attaining these goals will promote a world more stable and free from injustice and conflict. Suggestion: Eliminate next sentence (redundant): Civil, ethnic and religious strife, violations of human rights, armed conflicts, terrorism, foreign aggression or occupation are destructive to human settlements and should therefore be renounced by all States.\n\nThe rest of the paragraph is good.\n\nAnnex to Part III\n\nA. Adequate Shelter for all\n\n(p. 29 of agenda)\n\nG77 & China proposal reads: 25 (h) Promoting shelter and basic services for the homelss, including street children, internally displaced persons, migrants, indigenous groups with their traditional habitat, as well as people living in poverty, disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and victims of natural and human-made disasters and not to consider their temporary shelters as permanent human settlements;\n\nCanada's proposal reads: 25 (h) Promoting shelter and basic services for disadvantaged persons such as the homeless, survivors of family violence, refugees, other displaced persons in need of international protection, internally displaced persons, indigenous people and victims of natural and human-made disasters as well as persons with disabilities and the aged who have special needs for safe, flexible and accessible housing.\n\nU.S. proposal reads (25h) promoting shelter and basic services for the homeless, for women and children leaving abusive and violent situations, refugees, internally displaced, migrants, indigenous people and victims of natural and human-made disasters.\n\nUNICEF proposal (25h) bis. ensuring provision and access to adequate shelter and protection for children in especially difficult circumstances: those without families, street children, the displaced and refugees, tribal peoples and their children.\n\nUNHCR (25h) homeless, refugees, returnees\n\n25 bis. Support this paragraph\n\nEnhanced international support should continue to be provided to refugees in order to meet their needs, and to assist in assuring them a just, durable solution in accordance with relevant UN resolutions and international law, noting that sustainable human settlements can only be established for them on their land of origin.\n\n27 (f bis). G77 + China's proposal:\n\nProtecting and maintaining the legal status, demographic composition and physical and social characteristics of cities and the localities under foreign occupation,especially those of holy places and cultural and historical significance, in accordance with international humanitarian law and relevant UN resolutions\n\nUNESCO 27 (I) ...human made disasters as well as international and civil wars\n\nD. Financing shelter and human settlements\n\n31. We further commit ourselves to the objectives of:\n\n(h) Exploring new ways of generating new public and private financial resources, inter alis through the appropriate reduction of excessive military expenditures including global military expenditures and the arms trade, and investments for arms productionand acquisition, taking into consideration national security requirements, so as to allow possible allocation of additional funds for social and economic development. (Social Summit, Commit 9g)\n\nE. International Cooperation\n\n32. We commit ourselves - in the interests of international peace, security, justice and stability - to enhancing international cooperation and partnerships which will assist in the implementation of the national and the global plans of action and the attainment of the goals of the Habitat Agenda, by contributing to and participating in multilateral, regional and bilateral cooperation programmes and institutional arrangements and technical and financial assistance programmes; by the exchange of appropriate technology; by the collection, analysis and dissemination of information about shelter and human settlements, and by international networking.]\n\nCroatia\n\n32. ... financial assistance programmes, in particular to assist the post-war reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts; . . .\n\n-----\n\nE. International Cooperation\n\n33. We further commit ourselves to the objectives of:\n\n(d) Supporting UN programmes designed for early intervention to diffuse conflict\n\nU. S. suggestion:\n\n38. Unemployment, rapid population growth, . . .and violations of human rights, . . .\n\n---\n\nB. Adequate shelter for all\n\n3. Shelter delivery systems\n\n(b) Ensuring access to land\n\n55. Access to land is a strategic prerequisite to the provision of adequate shelter for all. It is also a precondition for breaking the vicious cycle of poverty. . . . Governments at all appropriate levels, including local authorities, should strive to overcome all possible obstacles which may hamper equitable access to land, including a concerted, well-funded effort to clear land of landmines, unexploded ordinance, and hazardous pollution, such as chemical, biological and nuclear, . . .\n\n56. To ensure an adequate supply of serviceable land, Governments at the appropriate levels should\n\n(o) Provide funding and labor to effect the earliest possible removal of all anti-personnel landmines, stop nuclear production, testing, and use, and clear land of chemical, biological and nuclear pollutants.\n\n58. (a) Address the cultural, ethnic and religious causes that result in the creation of barriers that lead to segregation and exclusion, through the means of education and training for non-violent conflict resolution (Social Summit - Commit 6)\n\np. 81\n\n4. Vulnerable groups\n\n72. . . . [Depending on local conditions in the housing sector, and the availability of legal protections guaranteeing equal access to resources and opportunities, vulnerable individuals come from disadvantaged groups, such as people living in poverty, . .. [documented] migrants, refugees, internally displaced persons, . . .\n\n72 ter. [Inadequate shelter or lack of shelter contributes to a loss of dignity and health in the lives of refugees.] . . .\n\n89 [(f bis) Enhance community awareness of issues facing homeless and refugee women, especially those issues related to physical and sexual abuse, and design appropriate community responses;]\n\n91 (c) Establish programmes designed to improve the skills of local leadership in group facilitation, conflict resolution and intervention;\n\n(e) Provide accessible, affordable, impartial, prompt and humane local systems of justice by, interalia, facilitating and strengthening, where appropriate, existing traditional institutions and procedures for the resolution of disputes and conflicts;\n\n95 bis. Many environmental contaminants, such as radioactive materials and persistent organic pollutants, work their way into the food chain and eventually into human beings, thus compromising the health of present and future generations.\n\n97 [(g) Undertake environmental impact assessments for development plans and projects, including military production and operations, that may significantly affect the quality of the environment.\n\n98. (a) Promote practices and consumption patterns that will conserve and protect freshwater and saltwater resources and top soil, as well as air and soil quality, such as halting the production, testing, and use of nuclear weapons.\n\n[(c) Reduce the degradation of the marine environment emanating from land-based activities, including municipal, industrial, military, and agricultural wastes and run-off, which have a pernicious impact on the most productive areas of the marine environment;\n\n99 bis. In seeking to prevent transboundary pollution and minimize its impacts on human settlements when it does occur, Governments should cooperate to develop appropriate mechanisms for assessing the environmental impact of proposed [projects and activities including military] that are likely ....\n\n124. Support language concerning armed conflicts\n\n[126 bis.) As a consequence of the development and testing of nuclear weapons, there is a need for the safe resettlement of displaced populations and the restoration of economic activity to the affected areas, especially for small island developing States and coastal regions. Noting the special responsibility towards those people of the former United Nations Trust Territories who have been adversely affected as a result of the nuclear-weapons tests conducted during the period of the Trusteeship, all Governments and international organizations that have expertise in the field of cleanup and disposal of radioactive contaminants should consider giving appropriate assistance as may be required for remedial purposes in areas affected by radioactive contamination from nuclear weapons programmes.]\n\n128. (g) Identify and support approaches to cope with the urgent shelter requirements of returnees and internally displaced persons;\n\n(i) support work for immediate removal of anti-personnel land mines following the cessation of armed conflict;\n\n[150. (n) Recognizing the negative effect of excessive military expenditures, trade in arms, specially of those arms that are particularly injurious or have indiscriminate effects, and excessive investment for arms production and acquisition.\n\n(aa) Providing assistance for shelter and human settlement development activities in favour of people living in poverty, particularly women, and vulnerable groups, such as refugees, internally displaced persons, people with disabilities, street children, migrants and the homeless through specific targeted grants;\n\n(bb) Promoting assistance for shelter and human settlement activities in favor of vulnerable groups, such as refugees and internally displaced persons, documented migrants and the homeless through specific targeted grants and other assistance programmes;\n\nUNESCO (p. 196)\n\n150. (b) Promote assistance for shelter and human settlement activities in favour of vulnerable groups, such as refugees and internally displaced persons, documented migrants and the homless through specific targeted grants;\n\n---\n\nU.S. (p. 200)\n\n150 (g) Recognize the negative effect of excessive military expenditures, trade in arms, especially of those arms that are particularly injurious or have indiscriminate effects, and excessive investment for arms production and acquisition. (WSSD, ch. 4, para 70)\n\n---\n\nUNICEF (p. 204)\n\n152 (a. bis) Establish support and pressure for institutionalized non-violent conflict resolution and for peace-building processes;\n\n---\n\nGroup of 77 + China (p.216)\n\n150 (b) Providing assistance for shelter and human settlements development activities in favor of people living in poverty, particularly women, and vulnerable groups, such as refugees, internally displaced persons, people with disabilities, street children, migrants, and the homeless through specific targeted grants or soft loans;\n\nMission Statement\nPeace Caucus' Recommended Changes to the Habitat II Agenda from a Peace Perspective\nLandmines:"How Many More Will It Take?"

''Arizona Skywatch'' - along with [[California Skywatch]] and [[Bakersfield Skywatch]] - is a web site of the ''Agricultural Defense Coalition''.\n\n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page the ''Arizona Skywatch'' web site. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.arizonaskywatch.com/index.htm@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.arizonaskywatch.com/index.htm"\n title = "Arizona Skywatch ">\n</iframe> </html>

''Armenian Assembly of America'' works through research, education and advocacy to strengthen U.S./Armenia and U.S./Nagorno Karabakh relations, promotes Armenia's and Karabakh's democratic development and economic prosperity and seeks universal affirmation of the Armenian Genocide.\n\nWith a nation-wide network of volunteer activists, lay leaders, and staff in Washington, Los Angeles, New York, Boston, Yerevan, Stepanakert and Gyumri, the Assembly works with the Administration, Congress, and other policy makers in Washington, D.C., and state legislatures to advance issues of concern to Armenian-Americans. \n\nFor more information, visit http://www.aaainc.org

The //Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change// book, commissioned by ''Defra'' - the British Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs - consolidates the scientific findings of a major conference held in Exeter, and gives an account of the most recent developments on critical thresholds and key vulnerabilities of the climate system, impacts on human and natural systems, emission pathways and technological options of meeting different stabilisation levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\n!!!The book focuses on three crucial questions:\n# ''For different levels of climate change what are the key impacts, for different regions and sectors, and for the world as a whole?''\n# ''What would such levels of climate change imply in terms of greenhouse gas stabilisation concentrations and emission pathways required to achieve such levels?''\n#'' What technological options are there for achieving stabilisation of greenhouse gases at different stabilisation concentrations in the atmosphere, taking into account costs and uncertainties?''\n!!! Read more:\n* [[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change - executive summary|http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/research/dangerous-cc/pdf/avoid-dangercc-execsumm.pdf]], pdf (168 KB)\n* [[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change - full text of book|http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/research/dangerous-cc/pdf/avoid-dangercc.pdf]], pdf (16.3 MB - note very large file size)\n* [[News release|http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2006/060130c.htm]] - 30 January 2006\n* The book can be ordered online via the [[Cambridge University Press website|http://www.cambridge.org/0521864712]].\n\n* More on [[Climate Change @ Defra|http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange]]

!! B. Current knowledge about observed impacts of climate change on the natural and human environment\nA full consideration of observed climate change is provided in the IPCC Working Group I Fourth Assessment. This part of the Summary concerns the relationship between observed climate change and recent observed changes in the natural and human environment.\n\nThe statements presented here are based largely on data sets that cover the period since 1970. The number of studies of observed trends in the physical and biological environment and their relationship to regional climate changes has increased greatly since the Third Assessment in 2001. The quality of the data sets has also improved. There is, however, a notable lack of geographic balance in data and literature on observed changes, with marked scarcity in developing countries.\n\nThese studies have allowed a broader and more confident assessment of the relationship between observed warming and impacts than was made in the Third Assessment. That Assessment concluded that "there is high confidence^^3^^ that recent regional changes in temperature have had discernible impacts on many physical and biological systems".\n\nFrom the current Assessment we conclude the following.\n* [[Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases|B.1. Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n\n\n<<tiddler "B.1. Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n* [[A global assessment of data since 1970 has shown it is likely that anthropogenic warming has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems|B.2. A global assessment of data since 1970 has shown it is likely that anthropogenic warming has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n\n\n<<tiddler "B.2. A global assessment of data since 1970 has shown it is likely that anthropogenic warming has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n* [[Other effects of regional climate changes on natural and human environments are emerging, although many are difficult to discern due to adaptation and non-climatic drivers|B.3. Other effects of regional climate changes on natural and human environments are emerging, although many are difficult to discern due to adaptation and non-climatic drivers (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n\n\n<<tiddler "B.3. Other effects of regional climate changes on natural and human environments are emerging, although many are difficult to discern due to adaptation and non-climatic drivers (ar4-wg2-spm)">>

* With regard to changes in snow, ice and frozen ground (including permafrost)4^^^^, there is high confidence that natural systems are affected. Examples are:\n** enlargement and increased numbers of glacial lakes [1.3];\n** increasing ground instability in permafrost regions, and rock avalanches in mountain regions [1.3];\n** changes in some Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems, including those in sea-ice biomes, and also predators high in the food chain [1.3, 4.4, 15.4].\n* Based on growing evidence, there is high confidence that the following types of hydrological systems are being affected around the world:\n** increased run-off and earlier spring peak discharge in many glacier- and snow-fed rivers [1.3];\n** warming of lakes and rivers in many regions, with effects on thermal structure and water quality [1.3].\n*There is very high confidence, based on more evidence from a wider range of species, that recent warming is strongly affecting terrestrial biological systems, including such changes as:\n** earlier timing of spring events, such as leaf-unfolding, bird migration and egg-laying [1.3];\n** poleward and upward shifts in ranges in plant and animal species [1.3, 8.2, 14.2].\n*Based on satellite observations since the early 1980s, there is high confidence that there has been a trend in many regions towards earlier 'greening'^^5^^ of vegetation in the spring linked to longer thermal growing seasons due to recent warming. [1.3, 14.2]\n* There is high confidence, based on substantial new evidence, that observed changes in marine and freshwater biological systems are associated with rising water temperatures, as well as related changes in ice cover, salinity, oxygen levels and circulation [1.3]. These include:\n** shifts in ranges and changes in algal, plankton and fish abundance in high-latitude oceans [1.3];\n** increases in algal and zooplankton abundance in high-latitude and high-altitude lakes [1.3];\n** range changes and earlier migrations of fish in rivers [1.3].\n* The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units [IPCC Working Group I Fourth Assessment]. However, the effects of observed ocean acidification on the marine biosphere are as yet undocumented. [1.3]

* Much more evidence has accumulated over the past five years to indicate that changes in many physical and biological systems are linked to anthropogenic warming. There are four sets of evidence which, taken together, support this conclusion:\n<<<\n# The Working Group I Fourth Assessment concluded that most of the observed increase in the globally averaged temperature since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.\n# Of the more than 29,000 observational data series^^7^^, from 75 studies, that show significant change in many physical and biological systems, more than 89% are consistent with the direction of change expected as a response to warming. (Figure SPM-1) [1.4]\n# A global synthesis of studies in this Assessment strongly demonstrates that the spatial agreement between regions of significant warming across the globe and the locations of significant observed changes in many systems consistent with warming is very unlikely to be due solely to natural variability of temperatures or natural variability of the systems.(see Figure SPM-1) [1.4]\n# Finally, there have been several modelling studies that have linked responses in some physical and biological systems to anthropogenic warming by comparing observed responses in these systems with modelled responses in which the natural forcings (solar activity and volcanoes) and anthropogenic forcings (greenhouse gases and aerosols) are explicitly separated. Models with combined natural and anthropogenic forcings simulate observed responses significantly better than models with natural forcing only. [1.4]\n<<<\n* Limitations and gaps prevent more complete attribution of the causes of observed system responses to anthropogenic warming. First, the available analyses are limited in the number of systems and locations considered. Second, natural temperature variability is larger at the regional than the global scale, thus affecting identification of changes due to external forcing. Finally, at the regional scale other factors (such as land-use change, pollution, and invasive species) are influential. [1.4]\n* Nevertheless, the consistency between observed and modelled changes in several studies and the spatial agreement between significant regional warming and consistent impacts at the global scale is sufficient to conclude with high confidence that anthropogenic warming over the last three decades has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [1.4]

Effects of temperature increases have been documented in the following systems (medium confidence):\n* effects on agricultural and forestry management at Northern Hemisphere higher latitudes, such as earlier spring planting of crops, and alterations in disturbance regimes of forests due to fires and pests [1.3];\n* some aspects of human health, such as heat-related mortality in Europe, infectious disease vectors in some areas, and allergenic pollen in Northern Hemisphere high and mid-latitudes [1.3, 8.2, 8.ES];\n* some human activities in the Arctic (e.g., hunting and travel over snow and ice) and in lower-elevation alpine areas (such as mountain sports). [1.3]\nRecent climate changes and climate variations are beginning to have effects on many other natural and human systems. However, based on the published literature, the impacts have not yet become established trends. Examples include:\n* Settlements in mountain regions are at enhanced risk to glacier lake outburst floods caused by melting glaciers. Governmental institutions in some places have begun to respond by building dams and drainage works. [1.3]\n* In the Sahelian region of Africa, warmer and drier conditions have led to a reduced length of growing season with detrimental effects on crops. In southern Africa, longer dry seasons and more uncertain rainfall are prompting adaptation measures. [1.3]\n* Sea-level rise and human development are together contributing to losses of coastal wetlands and mangroves and increasing damage from coastal flooding in many areas. [1.3]\n''Changes in physical and biological systems and surface temperature 1970-2004''\n\nFigure SPM-1. Locations of significant changes in observations of physical systems (snow, ice and frozen ground; hydrology; and coastal processes) and biological systems (terrestrial, marine, and freshwater biological systems), are shown together with surface air temperature changes over the period 1970-2004. A subset of about 29,000 data series was selected from about 80,000 data series from 577 studies. These met the following criteria: (1) Ending in 1990 or later; (2) spanning a period of at least 20 years; and (3) showing a significant change in either direction, as assessed in individual studies. These data series are from about 75 studies (of which ~70 are new since the Third Assessment) and contain about 29,000 data series, of which about 28,000 are from European studies. White areas do not contain sufficient observational climate data to estimate a temperature trend. The 2 x 2 boxes show the total number of data series with significant changes (top row) and the percentage of those consistent with warming (bottom row) for (i) continental regions: North America (NAM), Latin America (LA), Europe (EUR), Africa (AFR), Asia (AS), Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), and Polar Regions (PR) and (ii) global-scale: Terrestrial (TER), Marine and Freshwater (MFW), and Global (GLO). The numbers of studies from the seven regional boxes (NAM, …, PR) do not add up to the global (GLO) totals because numbers from regions except Polar do not include the numbers related to Marine and Freshwater (MFR) systems. [F1.8, F1.9; Working Group I Fourth Assessment F3.9b]

A central goal of the historic 1992 [[Earth Summit]], at which the [[Framework Convention on Climate Change]] was adopted, was the transition to a new, sustainable development path, based to a significant extent on the broad-based participation of all major groups in society. ''Climate Change 2.0'' - is an initiative of [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]] in support of the [[NGO Committee on Education]]'s commitment to the [[United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] (2005-2014). ''Information Habitat'' was founded in May 1990, in the early stages of preparation for the Summit, on the recognition of the critical role that the emerging information and communications revolution could play in that transition. The phenomenal advances in ICT, and their impact on almost all areas of human activity over the seventeen years since its founding have continued to confirm the validity of the initial premise of Information Habitat.\n\nHowever, while there is growing recognition of the significance of ICT as a driver in economic and social development, along with almost universal reliance on the Internet and electronic mail as the principal medium for access to and dissemination of information relating to sustainable development, there still remains very limited appreciation of the profound significance of ICT for sustainable development or of the nature of a development path based in a medium in which the marginal cost of production and economic exchange - in both financial and material terms - is virtually zero.

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!!!Beijing Declaration\n\n1. We, the Governments participating in the Fourth World Conference on Women,\n\n2. Gathered here in Beijing in September 1995, the year of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations,\n\n3. Determined to advance the goals of equality, development and peace for all women everywhere in the interest of all humanity,\n\n4. Acknowledging the voices of all women everywhere and taking note of the diversity of women and their roles and circumstances, honouring the women who paved the way and inspired by the hope present in the world's youth,\n\n5. Recognize that the status of women has advanced in some important respects in the past decade but that progress has been uneven, inequalities between women and men have persisted and major obstacles remain, with serious consequences for the well-being of all people,\n\n6. Also recognize that this situation is exacerbated by the increasing poverty that is affecting the lives of the majority of the world's people, in particular women and children, with origins in both the national and international domains,\n\n7. Dedicate ourselves unreservedly to addressing these constraints and obstacles and thus enhancing further the advancement and empowerment of women all over the world, and agree that this requires urgent action in the spirit of determination, hope, cooperation and solidarity, now and to carry us forward into the next century.\n\n''We reaffirm our commitment to:''\n\n8. The equal rights and inherent human dignity of women and men and other purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments, in particular the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women and the Declaration on the Right to Development;\n\n9. Ensure the full implementation of the human rights of women and of the girl child as an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;\n\n10. Build on consensus and progress made at previous United Nations conferences and summits - on women in Nairobi in 1985, on children in New York in 1990, on environment and development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, on human rights in Vienna in 1993, on population and development in Cairo in 1994 and on social development in Copenhagen in 1995 with the objective of achieving equality, development and peace;\n\n11. Achieve the full and effective implementation of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women;\n\n12. The empowerment and advancement of women, including the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief, thus contributing to the moral, ethical, spiritual and intellectual needs of women and men, individually or in community with others and thereby guaranteeing them the possibility of realizing their full potential in society and shaping their lives in accordance with their own aspirations.\n\n''We are convinced that''\n\n13. Women's empowerment and their full participation on the basis of equality in all spheres of society, including participation in the decision-making process and access to power, are fundamental for the achievement of equality, development and peace;\n\n14. Women's rights are human rights;\n\n15. Equal rights, opportunities and access to resources, equal sharing of responsibilities for the family by men and women, and a harmonious partnership between them are critical to their well-being and that of their families as well as to the consolidation of democracy;\n\n16. Eradication of poverty based on sustained economic growth, social development, environmental protection and social justice requires the involvement of women in economic and social development, equal opportunities and the full and equal participation of women and men as agents and beneficiaries of people-centred sustainable development;\n\n17. The explicit recognition and reaffirmation of the right of all women to control all aspects of their health, in particular their own fertility, is basic to their empowerment;\n\n18. Local, national, regional and global peace is attainable and is inextricably linked with the advancement of women, who are a fundamental force for leadership, conflict resolution and the promotion of lasting peace at all levels;\n\n19. It is essential to design, implement and monitor, with the full participation of women, effective, efficient and mutually reinforcing gender-sensitive policies and programmes, including development policies and programmes, at all levels that will foster the empowerment and advancement of women;\n\n20. The participation and contribution of all actors of civil society, particularly women's groups and networks and other non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations, with full respect for their autonomy, in cooperation with Governments, are important to the effective implementation and follow-up of the Platform for Action;\n\n21. The implementation of the Platform for Action requires commitment from Governments and the international community. By making national and international commitments for action, including those made at the Conference, Governments and the international community recognize the need to take priority action for the empowerment and advancement of women.\n\n''We are determined to'':\n\n22. Intensify efforts and actions to achieve the goals of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women by the end of this century;\n\n23. Ensure the full enjoyment by women and the girl child of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and take effective action against violations of these rights and freedoms;\n\n24. Take all necessary measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and the girl child and remove all obstacles to gender equality and the advancement and empowerment of women;\n\n25. Encourage men to participate fully in all actions towards equality;\n\n26. Promote women's economic independence, including employment, and eradicate the persistent and increasing burden of poverty on women by addressing the structural causes of poverty through changes in economic structures, ensuring equal access for all women, including those in rural areas, as vital development agents, to productive resources, opportunities and public services;\n\n27. Promote people-centred sustainable development, including sustained economic growth, through the provision of basic education, life-long education, literacy and training, and primary health care for girls and women;\n\n28. Take positive steps to ensure peace for the advancement of women and, recognizing the leading role that women have played in the peace movement, work actively towards general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control, and support negotiations on the conclusion, without delay, of a universal and multilaterally and effectively verifiable comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty which contributes to nuclear disarmament and the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects;\n\n29. Prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls;\n\n30. Ensure equal access to and equal treatment of women and men in education and health care and enhance women's sexual and reproductive health as well as education;\n\n31. Promote and protect all human rights of women and girls;\n\n32. Intensify efforts to ensure equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all women and girls who face multiple barriers to their empowerment and advancement because of such factors as their race, age, language, ethnicity, culture, religion, or disability, or because they are indigenous people;\n\n33. Ensure respect for international law, including humanitarian law, in order to protect women and girls in particular;\n\n34. Develop the fullest potential of girls and women of all ages, ensure their full and equal participation in building a better world for all and enhance their role in the development process.\n\n''We are determined to'':\n\n35. Ensure women's equal access to economic resources, including land, credit, science and technology, vocational training, information, communication and markets, as a means to further the advancement and empowerment of women and girls, including through the enhancement of their capacities to enjoy the benefits of equal access to these resources, inter alia, by means of international cooperation;\n\n36. Ensure the success of the Platform for Action, which will require a strong commitment on the part of Governments, international organizations and institutions at all levels. We are deeply convinced that economic development, social development and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development, which is the framework for our efforts to achieve a higher quality of life for all people. Equitable social development that recognizes empowering the poor, particularly women living in poverty, to utilize environmental resources sustainably is a necessary foundation for sustainable development. We also recognize that broad-based and sustained economic growth in the context of sustainable development is necessary to sustain social development and social justice. The success of the Platform for Action will also require adequate mobilization of resources at the national and international levels as well as new and additional resources to the developing countries from all available funding mechanisms, including multilateral, bilateral and private sources for the advancement of women; financial resources to strengthen the capacity of national, subregional, regional and international institutions; a commitment to equal rights, equal responsibilities and equal opportunities and to the equal participation of women and men in all national, regional and international bodies and policy-making processes; and the establishment or strengthening of mechanisms at all levels for accountability to the world's women;\n\n37. Ensure also the success of the Platform for Action in countries with economies in transition, which will require continued international cooperation and assistance;\n\n38. We hereby adopt and commit ourselves as Governments to implement the following Platform for Action, ensuring that a gender perspective is reflected in all our policies and programmes. We urge the United Nations system, regional and international financial institutions, other relevant regional and international institutions and all women and men, as well as non-governmental organizations, with full respect for their autonomy, and all sectors of civil society, in cooperation with Governments, to fully commit themselves and contribute to the implementation of this Platform for Action.

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/***\n|Name|''timeline''|h\n|Author|[[Saq Imtiaz]]|\n|Version|0.5 bet|\n|Description|A replacement for the core timeline macro that offers more features|\n|Source|http://lewcid.googlepages.com/lewcid.html#BetterTimelineMacro|\n|TW Version|2.x|\n***/\n/***\n!!!Features:\n*list tiddlers with only specific tag\n*exclude tiddlers with a particular tag\n*limit entries to any number of days, for example one week\n*specify a start date for the timeline, only tiddlers after that date will be listed.\n\n!!!Installation:\nCopy the contents of this tiddler to your TW, tag with systemConfig, save and reload your TW.\n\n!!!Syntax:\n{{{<<timeline better:true>>}}}\n''the param better:true enables the advanced features, without it you will get the old timeline behaviour.''\n\nadditonal params:\n(use only the ones you want)\n{{{<<timeline better:true onlyTag:Tag1 excludeTag:Tag2 sortBy:modified/created firstDay:YYYYMMDD maxDays:7 maxEntries:30>>}}}\n\n''explanation of syntax:''\nonlyTag: only tiddlers with this tag will be listed. Default is to list all tiddlers.\nexcludeTag: tiddlers with this tag will not be listed.\nsortBy: sort tiddlers by date modified or date created. Possible values are modified or created.\nfirstDay: useful for starting timeline from a specific date. Example: 20060701 for 1st of July, 2006\nmaxDays: limits timeline to include only tiddlers from the specified number of days. If you use a value of 7 for example, only tiddlers from the last 7 days will be listed.\nmaxEntries: limit the total number of entries in the timeline.\n\n\n!!!History:\n*28-07-06: ver 0.5 beta, first release\n\n!!!Code\n***/\n//{{{\n// Return the tiddlers as a sorted array\nTiddlyWiki.prototype.getTiddlers = function(field,excludeTag,includeTag)\n{\n var results = [];\n this.forEachTiddler(function(title,tiddler)\n {\n if(excludeTag == undefined || tiddler.tags.find(excludeTag) == null)\n if(includeTag == undefined || tiddler.tags.find(includeTag)!=null)\n results.push(tiddler);\n });\n if(field)\n results.sort(function (a,b) {if(a[field] == b[field]) return(0); else return (a[field] < b[field]) ? -1 : +1; });\n return results;\n}\n\n\n\n//this function by Udo\nfunction getParam(params, name, defaultValue)\n{\n if (!params)\n return defaultValue;\n var p = params[0][name];\n return p ? p[0] : defaultValue;\n}\n\nwindow.old_timeline_handler= config.macros.timeline.handler;\nconfig.macros.timeline.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)\n{\n var args = paramString.parseParams("list",null,true);\n var betterMode = getParam(args, "better", "false");\n if (betterMode == 'true')\n {\n var sortBy = getParam(args,"sortBy","modified");\n var excludeTag = getParam(args,"excludeTag",undefined);\n var includeTag = getParam(args,"onlyTag",undefined);\n var tiddlers = store.getTiddlers(sortBy,excludeTag,includeTag);\n var firstDayParam = getParam(args,"firstDay",undefined);\n var firstDay = (firstDayParam!=undefined)? firstDayParam: "00010101";\n var lastDay = "";\n var field= sortBy;\n var maxDaysParam = getParam(args,"maxDays",undefined);\n var maxDays = (maxDaysParam!=undefined)? maxDaysParam*24*60*60*1000: (new Date()).getTime() ;\n var maxEntries = getParam(args,"maxEntries",undefined);\n var last = (maxEntries!=undefined) ? tiddlers.length-Math.min(tiddlers.length,parseInt(maxEntries)) : 0;\n for(var t=tiddlers.length-1; t>=last; t--)\n {\n var tiddler = tiddlers[t];\n var theDay = tiddler[field].convertToLocalYYYYMMDDHHMM().substr(0,8);\n if ((theDay>=firstDay)&& (tiddler[field].getTime()> (new Date()).getTime() - maxDays))\n {\n if(theDay != lastDay)\n {\n var theDateList = document.createElement("ul");\n place.appendChild(theDateList);\n createTiddlyElement(theDateList,"li",null,"listTitle",tiddler[field].formatString(this.dateFormat));\n lastDay = theDay;\n }\n var theDateListItem = createTiddlyElement(theDateList,"li",null,"listLink",null);\n theDateListItem.appendChild(createTiddlyLink(place,tiddler.title,true));\n }\n }\n }\n\n else\n {\n window.old_timeline_handler.apply(this,arguments);\n }\n}\n//}}}

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@@font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;[[NGO Committee on Education]] (A [[CONGO|Conference Of NGOs]] Committee)@@\n!!By-Laws\n!!!Purpose\nThe NGO Committee on Education will:\n# Focus attention on and promote the various programs of formal and non-formal education of the UN intergovernmental agencies, of international institutions, and of NGOs.\n# Promote and facilitate the exchange of knowledge and dissemination of information on formal and non-formal education issues to various governments, civil society organizations, including academia, foundations, etc.\n# Address the issue of literacy for all children and adults, and other aspects of education in order to further enhance the goal of world education for all.\n# Work closely with the other NGO Committees related to the United Nations system and with the various relevant UN Commissions and Conferences.\n!!!Membership\n# Regular Membership: Membership in the Committee is open to Non-Governmental Organizations in consultative status with ECOSOC. These members shall be eligible to vote and hold office.\n# Associate Membership: Any NGO having a formal relationship with the United Nations may become an Associate Member. Such members will not be entitled to hold office or vote on matters of policy.\n# An organization may become a member by submitting and application to the Chairperson or Secretary.\n!!!Officers\n# The officers of the NGO Committee on Education shall be one Chairperson, one Vice-Chairperson, Secretary and Treasurer. Such officers shall be elected for a term of two years, and no person shall be elected to the same office for more than two consecutive terms. Officers must be from NGOs in consultative status.\n# No member may hold more than one office. For purposes of this paragraph the term "office" includes members-at-large of the Executive Committee.\n!!!Duties of Officers\n# The Chairperson shall convene and preside over meetings, promote the general effectiveness of the Committee, and maintain communications with other NGO Committees and with representatives of the UN system. The Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson shall represent the Committee when required.\n# The Secretary shall keep minutes of the meetings of the Committee, a record of the membership, and a record of attendance at meetings. The Secretary shall arrange for distribution of the minutes in advance of the meeting at which they will be approved.\n# The Treasurer shall receive and disburse funds as determined by the Executive Committee and shall be responsible for the maintenance of accounts and shall report regularly to the Committee's membership.\n!!!Executive Committee\n# The responsibility of the Executive Committee shall be to carry on the business of the Committee between meetings. The members of the Committee shall be kept informed of the activities of the Executive Committee through a report from the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson at regular meetings of the Committee when relevant.\n# The officers with up to four elected members-at-large shall serve as the Executive Committee. Members-at-large shall serve for a term of two years. No person shall be elected for more than two consecutive terms.\n# Members-at-large may be Regular or Associate Members of the Committee, however, voting rules as described in the membership section apply.\n!!!Subcommittees\n# The NGO Committee on Education may establish Subcommittees or Working Groups as needed. The Chairperson of a Subcommittee will be a member //ex officio// of the Executive Committee. Members of such Subcommittees or Working Groups shall elect their own chairs, subject to approval of the Executive Committee.\n!!!Finances\n# Payment of dues of $25.00 to the Treasurer shall entitle members to receive the minutes and other materials determined by the NGO Committee and allow them to vote.\n# The fiscal year shall be from 1 October to 30 September.\n!!Elections\n# A Nominating Committee shall be appointed by the Chairperson, on consultation with other offices, not less than two months prior to the election at the Annual Meetings. The report of the Nominating Committee shall be circulated in writing to all Regular members of the Committee at least three weeks prior to the meeting at which the election is to take place. The Nominating Committee shall not nominate representatives represented by members of the Nominating Committee.\n# The election of officers and members of the Executive Committee shall take place at an Annual Meeting. Elected officers shall take office immediately.\n# Election of officers and procedural matters shall be decided by the majority of member organizations present and voting.\n# A ballot by mail may be taken in the event that a meeting of the Committee is not possible.\n!!!Meetings\n# The Committee shall meet periodically, at least four times a year. The Committee shall hold an Annual Meeting during the month of May or June.\n# A quorum shall consist of a representatives of one-third of the regular member organizations.\n# Recommendations of statements of positions to be submitted to ECOSOC or any of its subsidiary bodies may not be made in the name of the Committee. Joint statements of member organizations may be submitted over the names of those organizations who wish to become signatories to the statement.\n!!!Amendments\n: Proposed amendments to these By-laws shall be submitted to the Chairperson in time for consideration by the Executive Committee and for written circulation to each member organizations not less than two days prior to the date of the proposed adoption. An amendment shall be adopted only after discussion in a plenary meeting of the Committee and upon affirmative vote of two-thirds of these representatives of member organizations present and voting.\n\n//Adopted, November 4, 2000//

!! C. Current knowledge about future impacts\nThe following is a selection of the key findings regarding projected impacts, as well as some findings on vulnerability and adaptation, in each system, sector and region for the range of (unmitigated) climate changes projected by the IPCC over this century^^8^^ judged to be relevant for people and the environment^^9^^. The impacts frequently reflect projected changes in precipitation and other climate variables in addition to temperature, sea level and concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The magnitude and timing of impacts will vary with the amount and timing of climate change and, in some cases, the capacity to adapt. These issues are discussed further in later sections of the Summary.\n\n''More specific information is now available across a wide range of systems and sectors concerning the nature of future impacts, including for some fields not covered in previous assessments.''\n<<<\n[[Fresh water resources and their management|C.1 Fresh water resources and their management (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.1 Fresh water resources and their management (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Ecosystems|C.2 Ecosystems (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.2 Ecosystems (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Food, fibre and forest products|C.3 Food, fibre and forest products (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.3 Food, fibre and forest products (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Coastal systems and low-lying areas|C.4 Coastal systems and low-lying areas (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.4 Coastal systems and low-lying areas (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Industry, Settlement and Society|C.5 Industry, Settlement and Society (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.5 Industry, Settlement and Society (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Health|C.6 Health (ar4-wg2-spm}]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.6 Health (ar4-wg2-spm}">>\n===\n\n<<<\n''More specific information is now available across the regions of the world concerning the nature of future impacts, including for some places not covered in previous assessments.''\n<<<\n[[Africa|C.7 Africa (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.7 Africa (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Asia|C.8 Asia (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.8 Asia (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Australia and New Zealand|C.9 Australia and New Zealand (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.9 Australia and New Zealand (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Europe|C.10 Europe (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.10 Europe (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Latin America|C.11 Latin America (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.11 Latin America (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[North America|C.12 North America (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.12 North America (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Polar Regions|C.13 Polar Regions (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.13 Polar Regions (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Small Islands|C.14 Small Islands (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.14 Small Islands (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n<<<\n''Magnitudes of impact can now be estimated more systematically for a range of possible increases in global average temperature.'' +++\n<<tiddler "Magnitudes of impact can now be estimated more systematically for a range of possible increases in global average temperature.">>\n===\n

* By mid-century, annual average river runoff and water availability are projected to increase by 10-40% at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and decrease by 10-30% over some dry regions at mid-latitudes and in the dry tropics, some of which are presently water stressed areas. In some places and in particular seasons, changes differ from these annual figures. ** D10 [3.4]\n* Drought-affected areas will likely increase in extent. Heavy precipitation events, which are very likely to increase in frequency, will augment flood risk. ** N [Working Group I Fourth Assessment, 3.4]\n* Adaptation procedures and risk management practices for the water sector are being developed in some countries and regions that have recognised projected hydrological changes with related uncertainties. *** N [3.6]\n* In the course of the century, water supplies stored in glaciers and snow cover are projected to decline, reducing water availability in regions supplied by meltwater from major mountain ranges, where more than one-sixth of the world population currently lives. ** N [3.4]

* For the first time, wide ranging impacts of changes in current climate have been documented: retreating glaciers, longer growing seasons, shift of species ranges, and health impacts due to a heat wave of unprecedented magnitude. The observed changes described above are consistent with those projected for future climate change.''*** N'' [12.2, 12.4, 12.6]\n* Nearly all European regions are anticipated to be negatively affected by some future impacts of climate change and these will pose challenges to many economic sectors. Climate change is expected to magnify regional differences in Europe's natural resources and assets. Negative impacts will include increased risk of inland flash floods, and more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion (due to storminess and sea-level rise). The great majority of organisms and ecosystems will have difficulties adapting to climate change. Mountainous areas will face glacier retreat, reduced snow cover and winter tourism, and extensive species losses (in some areas up to 60% under high emission scenarios by 2080).''*** D'' [12.4]\n* In Southern Europe, climate change is projected to worsen conditions (high temperatures and drought) in a region already vulnerable to climate variability, and to reduce water availability, hydropower potential, summer tourism, and in general, crop productivity. It is also projected to increase health risks due to heat waves and the frequency of wildfires.''** D'' [12.2, 12.4, 12.7]\n* In Central and Eastern Europe, summer precipitation is projected to decrease, causing higher water stress. Health risks due to heat waves are projected to increase. Forest productivity is expected to decline and the frequency of peatland fires to increase.''** D'' [12.4]\n* In Northern Europe, climate change is initially projected to bring mixed effects, including some benefits such as reduced demand for heating, increased crop yields and increased forest growth. However, as climate change continues, its negative impacts (including more frequent winter floods, endangered ecosystems and increasing ground instability) are likely to outweigh its benefits.''** D'' [12.4]\n* Adaptation to climate change is likely to benefit from experience gained in reaction to extreme climate events, by specifically implementing proactive climate change risk management adaptation plans.''*** N'' [12.5]

* By mid-century, increases in temperature and associated decreases in soil water are projected to lead to gradual replacement of tropical forest by savanna in eastern Amazonia. Semi-arid vegetation will tend to be replaced by arid-land vegetation. There is a risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many areas of tropical Latin America.''** D'' [13.4]\n* In drier areas, climate change is expected to lead to salinisation and desertification of agricultural land. Productivity of some important crops are projected to decrease and livestock productivity to decline, with adverse consequences for food security. In temperate zones soybean yields are projected to increase.''** N'' [13.4, 13.7]\n* Sea-level rise is projected to cause increased risk of flooding in low-lying areas.''** N'' [13.4, 13.7]\n* Increases in sea surface temperature due to climate change are projected to have adverse effects on Mesoamerican coral reefs, and cause shifts in the location of south-east Pacific fish stocks.''** N'' [13.4]\n* Changes in precipitation patterns and the disappearance of glaciers are projected to significantly affect water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation.''** D'' [13.4]\n* Some countries have made efforts to adapt, particularly through conservation of key ecosystems, early warning systems, risk management in agriculture, strategies for flood drought and coastal management, and disease surveillance systems. However, the effectiveness of these efforts is outweighed by: lack of basic information, observation and monitoring systems; lack of capacity building and appropriate political, institutional and technological frameworks; low income; and settlements in vulnerable areas, among others.''** D'' [13.2]

* Moderate climate change in the early decades of the century is projected to increase aggregate yields of rain-fed agriculture by 5-20%, but with important variability among regions. Major challenges are projected for crops that are near the warm end of their suitable range or depend on highly utilised water resources.''** D'' [14.4]\n* Warming in western mountains is projected to cause decreased snowpack, more winter flooding, and reduced summer flows, exacerbating competition for over-allocated water resources.''*** D'' [14.4, B14.2]\n* Disturbances from pests, diseases, and fire are projected to have increasing impacts on forests, with an extended period of high fire risk and large increases in area burned.''*** N'' [14.4, B14.1]\n* Cities that currently experience heat waves are expected to be further challenged by an increased number, intensity and duration of heat waves during the course of the century, with potential for adverse health impacts. The growing number of the elderly population is most at risk.''*** D'' [14.4]\n* Coastal communities and habitats will be increasingly stressed by climate change impacts interacting with development and pollution. Population growth and the rising value of infrastructure in coastal areas increase vulnerability to climate variability and future climate change, with losses projected to increase if the intensity of tropical storms increases. Current adaptation is uneven and readiness for increased exposure is low.''*** N'' [14.4]

* In the Polar Regions, the main projected biophysical effects are reductions in thickness and extent of glaciers and ice sheets, and changes in natural ecosystems with detrimental effects on many organisms including migratory birds, mammals and higher predators. In the Arctic, additional impacts include reductions in the extent of sea ice and permafrost, increased coastal erosion, and an increase in the depth of permafrost seasonal thawing.''** D'' [15.3, 15.4, 15.2]\n* For Arctic human communities, impacts, particularly resulting from changing snow and ice conditions, are projected to be mixed. Detrimental impacts would include those on infrastructure and traditional indigenous ways of life.''** D'' [15.4]\n* Beneficial impacts would include reduced heating costs and more navigable northern sea routes.''* D'' [15.4]\n* In both polar regions, specific ecosystems and habitats are projected to be vulnerable, as climatic barriers to species' invasions are lowered.''** D'' [15.6, 15.4]\n* Already Arctic human communities are adapting to climate change, but both external and internal stressors challenge their adaptive capacities. Despite the resilience shown historically by Arctic indigenous communities, some traditional ways of life are being threatened and substantial investments are needed to adapt or re-locate physical structures and communities.''** D'' [15.ES]

* Small islands, whether located in the Tropics or higher latitudes, have characteristics which make them especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, sea level rise and extreme events.''***'' [16.1, 16.5]\n* Deterioration in coastal conditions, for example through erosion of beaches and coral bleaching, is expected to affect local resources, e.g., fisheries, and reduce the value of these destinations for tourism.''** D'' [16.4]\n* Sea-level rise is expected to exacerbate inundation, storm surge, erosion and other coastal hazards, thus threatening vital infrastructure, settlements and facilities that support the livelihood of island communities.''*** D'' [16.4]\n* Climate change is projected by the mid-century to reduce water resources in many small islands, e.g., in the Caribbean and Pacific, to the point where they become insufficient to meet demand during low rainfall periods.''*** D'' [16.4]\n* With higher temperatures, increased invasion by non-native species is expected to occur, particularly on middle and high-latitude islands.''** N'' [16.4]

* The resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by an unprecedented combination of climate change, associated disturbances (e.g., flooding, drought, wildfire, insects, ocean acidification), and other global change drivers (e.g., land use change, pollution, over-exploitation of resources). ** N [4.1 to 4.6]\n* Over the course of this century net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems is likely to peak before mid-century and then weaken or even reverse^^11^^, thus amplifying climate change. ** [4.ES]\n* Approximately 20-30% of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction if increases in global average temperature exceed 1.5-2.5°C. * N [4.4, T4.1]\n* For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5-2.5°C and in concomitant atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, there are projected to be major changes in ecosystem structure and function, species' ecological interactions, and species' geographic ranges, with predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity, and ecosystem goods and services e.g., water and food supply. ** N [4.4]\n* The progressive acidification of oceans due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to have negative impacts on marine shell forming organisms (e.g., corals) and their dependent species. * N [B4.4, 6.4]

* Crop productivity is projected to increase slightly at mid to high latitudes for local mean temperature increases of up to 1-3°C depending on the crop, and then decrease beyond that in some regions. * D [5.4]\n* At lower latitudes, especially seasonally dry and tropical regions, crop productivity is projected to decrease for even small local temperature increases (1-2°C), which would increase risk of hunger. * D [5.4]\n* Globally, the potential for food production is projected to increase with increases in local average temperature over a range of 1-3°C, but above this it is projected to decrease. * D [5.4, 5.ES]\n* Adaptations such as altered cultivars and planting times allow low and mid- to high latitude cereal yields to be maintained at or above baseline yields for modest warming. * N [5.5]\n* Increases in the frequency of droughts and floods are projected to affect local production negatively, especially in subsistence sectors at low latitudes. ** D [5.4, 5.ES]\n* Globally, commercial timber productivity rises modestly with climate change in the short- to medium-term, with large regional variability around the global trend. * D [5.4]\n* Regional changes in the distribution and production of particular fish species are expected due to continued warming, with adverse effects projected for aquaculture and fisheries. ** D[5.4.6]

* Coasts are projected to be exposed to increasing risks, including coastal erosion, due to climate change and sea-level rise and the effect will be exacerbated by increasing human-induced pressures on coastal areas. *** D [6.3, 6.4]\n* Corals are vulnerable to thermal stress and have low adaptive capacity. Increases in sea surface temperature of about 1 to 3°C are projected to result in more frequent coral bleaching events and widespread mortality, unless there is thermal adaptation or acclimatisation by corals. *** D [B6.1, 6.4]\n* Coastal wetlands including salt marshes and mangroves are projected to be negatively affected by sea-level rise especially where they are constrained on their landward side, or starved of sediment. *** D [6.4]\n* Many millions more people are projected to be flooded every year due to sea-level rise by the 2080s. Those densely-populated and low-lying areas where adaptive capacity is relatively low, and which already face other challenges such as tropical storms or local coastal subsidence, are especially at risk. The numbers affected will be largest in the mega-deltas of Asia and Africa while small islands are especially vulnerable. *** D [6.4]\n* Adaptation for coastal regions will be more challenging in developing countries than developed countries due to constraints on adaptive capacity. ** D [6.4, 6.5, T6.11]

* Costs and benefits of climate change for industry, settlement, and society will vary widely by location and scale. In the aggregate, however, net effects will tend to be more negative the larger the change in climate. ** N [7.4, 7.6]\n* The most vulnerable industries, settlements and societies are generally those in coastal and river flood plains, those whose economies are closely linked with climate-sensitive resources, and those in areas prone to extreme weather events, especially where rapid urbanisation is occurring. ** D [7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5]\n* Poor communities can be especially vulnerable, in particular those concentrated in high-risk areas. They tend to have more limited adaptive capacities, and are more dependent on climate-sensitive resources such as local water and food supplies. ** N [7.2, 7.4, 5.4]\n* Where extreme weather events become more intense and/or more frequent, the economic and social costs of those events will increase, and these increases will be substantial in the areas most directly affected. Climate change impacts spread from directly impacted areas and sectors to other areas and sectors through extensive and complex linkages. ** N [7.4, 7.5]

* Projected climate change-related exposures are likely to affect the health status of millions of people, particularly those with low adaptive capacity, through:\n** increases in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with implications for child growth and development;\n** increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts;\n** the increased burden of diarrhoeal disease;\n** the increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground level ozone related to climate change; and,\n** the altered spatial distribution of some infectious disease vectors. ** D [8.4, 8.ES, 8.2]\n* Climate change is expected to have some mixed effects, such as the decrease or increase of the range and transmission potential of malaria in Africa. ** D [8.4]\n* Studies in temperate areas^^12^^ have shown that climate change is projected to bring some benefits, such as fewer deaths from cold exposure. Overall it is expected that these benefits will be outweighed by the negative health effects of rising temperatures world-wide, especially in developing countries. ** D [8.4]\n* The balance of positive and negative health impacts will vary from one location to another, and will alter over time as temperatures continue to rise. Critically important will be factors that directly shape the health of populations such as education, health care, public health prevention and infrastructure and economic development. *** N [8.3]

* By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are projected to be exposed to an increase of water stress due to climate change. If coupled with increased demand, this will adversely affect livelihoods and exacerbate water-related problems.''** D'' [9.4, 3.4, 8.2, 8.4]\n* Agricultural production, including access to food, in many African countries and regions is projected to be severely compromised by climate variability and change. The area suitable for agriculture, the length of growing seasons and yield potential, particularly along the margins of semi-arid and arid areas, are expected to decrease. This would further adversely affect food security and exacerbate malnutrition in the continent. In some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50% by 2020.''** D'' [9.2, 9.4, F9.4, 9.6, 8.4]\n* Local food supplies are projected to be negatively affected by decreasing fisheries resources in large lakes due to rising water temperatures, which may be exacerbated by continued over-fishing.''** N'' [9.4, 5.4, 8.4]\n* Towards the end of the 21st century, projected sea-level rise will affect low-lying coastal areas with large populations. The cost of adaptation could amount to at least 5-10% of GDP. Mangroves and coral reefs are projected to be further degraded, with additional consequences for fisheries and tourism.''** D'' [9.4]\n* New studies confirm that Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate variability and change because of multiple stresses and low adaptive capacity. Some adaptation to current climate variability is taking place, however, this may be insufficient for future changes in climate.''** N'' [9.5]

* Glacier melt in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding, rock avalanches from destabilised slopes, and affect water resources within the next two to three decades. This will be followed by decreased river flows as the glaciers recede. ''* N'' [10.2, 10.4]\n* Freshwater availability in Central, South, East and Southeast Asia particularly in large river basins is projected to decrease due to climate change which, along with population growth and increasing demand arising from higher standards of living, could adversely affect more than a billion people by the 2050s. ''** N'' [10.4.2]\n* Coastal areas, especially heavily-populated mega-delta regions in South, East and Southeast Asia, will be at greatest risk due to increased flooding from the sea and in some mega-deltas flooding from the rivers. ''** D'' [10.4]\n* Climate change is projected to impinge on sustainable development of most developing countries of Asia as it compounds the pressures on natural resources and the environment associated with rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, and economic development. ''** D'' [10.5]\n* It is projected that crop yields could increase up to 20% in East and Southeast Asia while it could decrease up to 30% in Central and South Asia by the mid-21st century. Taken together and considering the influence of rapid population growth and urbanization, the risk of hunger is projected to remain very high in several developing countries. ''* N'' [10.4.1]\n* Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal disease primarily associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise in East, South and Southeast Asia due to projected changes in hydrological cycle associated with global warming. Increases in coastal water temperature would exacerbate the abundance and/or toxicity of cholera in South Asia. ''** N'' [10.4.5]

* As a result of reduced precipitation and increased evaporation, water security problems are projected to intensify by 2030 in southern and eastern Australia and, in New Zealand, in Northland and some eastern regions.''** D'' [11.4]\n* Significant loss of biodiversity is projected to occur by 2020 in some ecologically-rich sites including the Great Barrier Reef and Queensland Wet Tropics. Other sites at risk include Kakadu wetlands, south-west Australia, sub-Antarctic islands and the alpine areas of both countries.''*** D'' [11.4]\n* Ongoing coastal development and population growth in areas such as Cairns and Southeast Queensland (Australia) and Northland to Bay of Plenty (New Zealand), are projected to exacerbate risks from sea-level rise and increases in the severity and frequency of storms and coastal flooding by 2050.''*** D'' [11.4, 11.6]\n* Production from agriculture and forestry by 2030 is projected to decline over much of southern and eastern Australia, and over parts of eastern New Zealand, due to increased drought and fire. However, in New Zealand, initial benefits to agriculture and forestry are projected in western and southern areas and close to major rivers due to a longer growing season, less frost and increased rainfall.''** N'' [11.4]\n* The region has substantial adaptive capacity due to well-developed economies and scientific and technical capabilities, but there are considerable constraints to implementation and major challenges from changes in extreme events. Natural systems have limited adaptive capacity.''** N'' [11.2, 11.5]

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the web site of ''NPR - National Public Radio''.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7431198@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "CFL Bulbs Have One Hitch: Toxic Mercury."\n src = "http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7431198"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

!!!Resolution on Information and Communications\nadopted by the\n''20th General Assembly''\nof the\n''Conference Of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Status with ECOSOC (CONGO)''\nGeneva, Switzerland, 3-5 November, 1997\n!!!Information and Communications\n<<<\nThe //20th General Assembly of the Conference of NGOs//, meeting in Geneva from 3 to 5 November, 1997,\n\n//Recognizing// the continuing dramatic advances in information and communications technology, and the ways in which these advances are:\n* transforming access to, and participation in, the United Nations system;\n* creating a forum for non-governmental organizations that transcends national boundaries; and\n* enabling structural changes in the relationships between non-governmental organizations and national and local governments; \n//Recognizing also// that there exist very substantial disparities between countries, and within countries, in the extent to which there is effective access to the global information infrastructure;\n\n//Resolves// to consider how the Conference of NGOs and its member organizations can make use of modern information and communications technology to increase their effectiveness and to strengthen the participation of non-governmental organizations in the work of the United Nations system in order to promote the goals of the United Nations. \n<<<\n\n----\n\nResolution proposed by:\n: [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]]\n: International Council of Jewish Women

''California Skywatch'' has been developed by [[Rosalind Peterson]], who also has developed [[Bakersfield Skywatch]] and ...\n\n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the ''California Skywatch'' web site. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.californiaskywatch.com/@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.californiaskywatch.com/"\n title = "California Skywatch">\n</iframe> </html>

[img[Cambridge in America Day 2006, Saturday, December 2, 2006, CUNY Graduate Center, New York City|http://www.climate-change-two.net/blue-banner.gif]]\n\nMore than 250 Cantabs from around the country, alumni of every Cambridge College, gathered in New York City on Saturday, December 2, for “''Cambridge in America Day 2006: What Future for Life on Earth?''”. The afternoon forum at the CUNY Graduate Center featured two of Cambridge’s illustrious alumni and two leading Cambridge academics – both holders of newly established chairs -- whose talks focused on biodiversity loss and issues of sustainability, cost, science, evidence, and the balance and competition between conservation and development in third-world countries. Attendees got a close-up look at the role Cambridge University -- in its current teaching and research and in the activities of its alumni -- is playing in the fields of biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability.\n\nGuests were welcomed by Cambridge in America Board Member Marc Feigen, who extended greetings from the Vice-Chancellor and Colleges, and enjoyed noting that the pen everyone received was made from recyclable materials. King’s graduate Dr. James Deutsch served as the program’s host and moderator.\n!![[Biodiversity and Poverty: The Challenge for Conservation: Bill Adams]]\n> [[Professor Bill Adams]], Moran Professor of Conservation and Development and Fellow of Downing College, began the program with a discussion of biodiversity and rural poverty.\n!![[Future Directions in Conservation Sciences: William Sutherland]]\n> [[Professor William Sutherland]], Miriam Rothschild Professor in Conservation Biology, gave a lively talk on evidenced-based medicine and the application of evidence-based science in conservation as well as population distribution and the use of scientific innovations to help alleviate stress on the environment. \n!![[A View from Water Level: Jill Fredston]]\n> [[Jill Fredston]] (Darwin, MPhil), Co-Director of the Alaska Mountain Safety Center, concluded the trio of presentations with her talk entitled “A View from Water Level” which discussed what makes a place wild as well as the shifting baselines of wilderness; she also touched on her most recent work studying polar bears’ shrinking habitats and how species adapt. Her talk was accompanied by a great photographic presentation – a must-see for armchair travelers and a vivid reminder of what is at stake.\n!![[What Future for Life on Earth? Panel Discussion]]\n> A panel discussion, moderated by [[Dr. James Deutsch]] (King’s MPhil, PhD), Director of the Africa Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society, then provided the opportunity for audience members to ask questions of the speakers and offer some insights and opinions of their own. The day concluded with a drinks reception where alumni gathered to meet the speakers and reunite with fellow Cantabrigians.\n

"Caring For Climate: The Business Leadership Platform"\n\nA Statement by the Business Leaders of the UN Global Compact\n\nUpon the occasion of the 2007 Global Compact Leaders Summit (Geneva),\n\nWe, the Business Leaders of the UN Global Compact:\n<<<\n''Recognize that:''\n# Climate Change is an issue requiring urgent and extensive action on the part of governments, business and citizens if the risk of serious damage to global prosperity and security is to be avoided.\n# Climate change poses both risks and opportunities to all parts of the business sector, everywhere. It is in the interest of the business community, as well as responsible behavior, for companies and their associations to play a full part in increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions to the atmosphere and, where possible, assisting society to respond to those changes in the climate to which we are already committed.\n''Commit to:''\n# Taking practical actions now to increase the efficiency of energy usage and to reduce the carbon burden of our products, services and processes, to set voluntary targets for doing so, and to report publicly on the achievement of those targets annually in our Communication on Progress.\n# Building significant capacity within our organizations to understand fully the implications of climate change for our business and to develop a coherent business strategy for minimizing risks and identifying opportunities.\n# Engaging fully and positively with our own national governments, inter-governmental organizations and civil society organizations to develop policies and measures that will provide an enabling framework for the business sector to contribute effectively to building a low carbon economy.\n# Working collaboratively with other enterprises nationally and sectorally, and along our value-chains, by setting standards and taking joint initiatives aimed at reducing climate risks, assisting with adaptation to climate change and enhancing climate-related opportunities.\n# Becoming an active business champion for rapid and extensive response to climate change with our peers, employees, customers, investors and the broader public.\n''Expect from Governments:''\n# The urgent creation, in close consultation with the business community and civil society, of comprehensive, long-term and effective legislative and fiscal frameworks designed to make markets work for the climate, in particular policies and mechanisms intended to create a stable price for carbon;\n# Recognition that building effective public-private partnerships to respond to the climate challenge will require major public investments to catalyze and support business and civil society led initiatives, especially in relation to research, development, deployment and transfer of low carbon energy technologies and practices.\n# Vigorous international cooperation aimed at providing a robust global policy framework within which private investments in building a low carbon economy can be made, as well as providing financial and other support to assist those countries that require help to realize their own climate mitigation and adaptation targets whilst achieving poverty alleviation, energy security and natural resource management.\n''And will:''\n# Work collaboratively on joint initiatives between public and private sectors and through them achieve a comprehensive understanding of how both public and private sectors can best play a pro-active and leading role in meeting the climate challenge in an effective way.\n# Invite the UN Global Compact to promote the public disclosure of actions taken by the signatories to this Statement and, in cooperation with UNEP and the WBCSD, communicate on this on a regular basis, starting July 2008.\n<<<\n----\n\n''Explanatory note: "Caring for Climate: The Business Leadership Platform"''\nA Statement by the Business Leaders of the UN Global Compact\n<<<\n''Origins of the Statement''\n\nThe Global Compact's commitment to environmental protection is firmly embedded in its foundational spirit and three environmental principles. There is now a consensus that the climate change agenda will affect business and society in fundamental and transformative ways. The importance of early action is increasingly recognized. As climate change has become a fundamental issue for society, the need for leadership and voluntary action is becoming ever more urgent. Against this background, a consultation group comprised of business and civil society representatives convened by the Global Compact, UNEP and the WBCSD has prepared a Statement entitled "Caring for Climate, The Business Leadership Platform". This Statement has also found broad support among the Global Compact's multistakeholder Board.\n\n''Endorsing the Statement''\n\nThe Statement offers Global Compact business participants an opportunity to demonstrate climate leadership on both the individual and collective levels. A company's decision to endorse the Statement should follow the Global Compact's established leadership and organizational change model: it requires CEO-level support, strategic and operational changes within the organization, and ongoing public communication on related activities and performance in line with the "Communication on Progress" framework. Support for the Statement is, therefore, consistent with existing Global Compact engagement methodologies. The Global Compact is aware that many if its 3000-plus business participants currently do not have the capacity to measure their GHG emissions due to size and other organizational characteristics. It is established practice at the Global Compact not to discriminate on these grounds. We will continue this tradition with regard to the Business Leadership Statement on Climate.\n\n''What the Statement is NOT''\n\nThe Statement is NOT a new requirement for Global Compact participation. It is an optional platform for active Global Compact participants who wish to advance climate change solutions. A decision to abstain from the Statement will not in any way be viewed as an indication of a company's commitment to the Global Compact or impact its standing in the initiative.\n\nThis Statement seeks to provide a practical platform for advancing the Global Compact's environmental principles. At the same time, other measures taken by companies to preserve the environment and to address their carbon footprint will continue to be equally appreciated under the UN Global Compact.\n\n''The Leaders Summit and Beyond''\n\nAll Global Compact business participants are invited to express their support for the Statement. It is hoped that a significant number of business Leaders will support the Statement before the Global Compact Leaders Summit (5-6 July 2007 in Geneva). The names of those companies will be listed on the Global Compact website at www.unglobalcompact.org and will be recognized at the event. During the Summit, it is expected that the United Nations Secretary-General and others will emphasize the importance of the climate change and this Business Leadership Statement. The Statement will remain open for signature during and after the Summit.\n\n''Other Explanations''\n\nIt is understood that the call to governments to develop frameworks is meant to be framed under the current International framework. Moreover, the term "setting standards" under the business commitment is clearly meant to refer to environmental performance standards, such as energy consumption, environmental impact and emissions. It does not refer to "international standards" whose design is the prerogative of governments.\n\nFurthermore, it is understood that the setting of voluntary targets as referred to in commitment 2) will be in accordance with different responsibilities and capabilities.\n<<<

The ''Catholic International Education Office'' is a non-governmental organization representing world-wide Catholic education as a NGO. Founded in 1952 in Lucerne (Switzerland). It groups the national secretariats of Catholic education from each member country. Organised in five world regions : Africa, America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, Middle and Near-East. General Secretariat established in Brussels (Belgium). Formal relationship with international agencies and institutions working in the field of education:\n* ''UNESCO'': consultative status, category B, since 1958. With a status of formal consultation relationship since 1997.\n* ''ECOSOC'': registered with the Social and Economic Council of the United Nations since 1958. Since 1998, special consultative status.\n* ''UNICEF'': consultative status since 1963.\n* ''Council of Europe'': consultative status since 1965.\n* Collaboration relationship with: ''FAO'' (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation), ''ILO'' (International Labour Office), ''OAU'' (Organisation of African Unity), ''OAS'' (Organisation of American States). \n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoiec.org

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the [[UN Documents Cooperation Circles|UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]] web site.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.un-documents.net/charter.htm@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "Charter of the United Nations"\n src = "http://www.un-documents.net/charter.htm"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

!! Cities Nurturing a Culture of Peace\n!! An Invitation to All Participants in Habitat II\nOn Tuesday, June 4th, in the afternoon, at the Technical Institute on the Guyumussu Campus, the [[International Association of Peace Messenger Cities]] is conducting a workshop on ''Cities: Their Responsibility to a Culture of Peace''. Mayors from the following cities have been invited to participate in the panel, reporting on their "best practices" in dealing with that mandate: Geneva, Switzerland; Lisbon, Portugal; Yokohama, Japan; Marzabotto, Italy; Lome, Togo; Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Brighton, England; Warsaw, Poland, Volgograd, Russia; New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Pori, Finland; Quito, Ecuador; Krusevac, Republic of Serbia, all members of the Executive Board of the Association.\n\nThe ''International Association of Peace Messenger Cities'' is literally a creature of the United Nations, consisting of 74 municipalities worldwide, designated by the General Assembly as Peace Messengers since 1986. Its membership firmly believes Cities have responsibility to raise the consciousness of its residents to an understanding of how military solutions affect the lives of urban dwellers. It encourages the development in the cities of programs for peace and tolerance.\n\nThe workshop is arranged to allow participation and dialogue from the floor.\n\nFor further information:\n<<<\nBrian Fitch, General Secretary, IAPMC,\nFax + 44 1273 202 364\n<<<\n\n* [[Mission Statement]]\n* [[Join the Peace Caucus]]\n* [[Peace Caucus' Recommended Changes to the Habitat II Advance Unedited Draft Agenda]]

![[Overview]]\n!![[Climate Change Crisis]]\n* [[Nature of the Climate Change]]\n* [[Timelines of Climate Change]]\n* [[Overview: Historic & Projected Trends]]\n!![[CO2 Emissions]]\n* [[Escalating Energy Consumption]]\n* [[Greenhouse Effect]]\n!![[Global Warming]]\n* [[Melting Ice]]\n** [[Vanishing Icecaps]]\n** [[Thermal Currents]]\n** [[Vanishing Glaciers]]\n** [[Meltdown Dynamics]]\n** [[Freshwater Shortages]]\n* [[Sea level rise]]\n** [[Lowlands Loss & Flooding]]\n** [[Small Islands]]\n* [[Extreme Weather]]\n** [[Extreme Storms]]\n** [[Prolongued Droughts]]\n!![[Economics of Climate Change]]\n* [[The Stern Review]] - Macroeconomics\n* [[Grassroots Enterprises]] - Microeconomics\n!![[Vital Responses]]\n* [[Guiding Principles]]\n* [[Wetlands Restoration]]\n* [[Native Tree Planting]]\n* [[Soil Conservation]]\n* [[Composting]]\n* [[Biogas]]\n* [[Permaculture principles]]\n* [[Avoiding dangerous climate change]]\n!![[Open Source Intelligence]]

<<<\n"No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it."\n//Albert Einstein// (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate \n<<<\n''Climate Change 2.0'' is being developed from a vision of a collaborative application of ''Web 2.0'' methodologies to the global climate change crisis and incorporating a transition to an Open Source, Creative Commons climate. ''Climate Change 2.0'' is based on the recognition of the vital contribution that the combination of the [[economics of information|Economics of information]] and information and communications technologies (ICT) can contribute - and already are contributing - to addressing what is increasingly recognized as the greatest challenges to a sustainable common future, both through the power of the technologies and through the progressive discovery and realization of the fundamental properties and nature of a digital knowledge-based universe and the accompanying profound freedoms and transformation of human consciousness and the emergence of digitally-connected global civil society that has been growing rapidly since the early stages of preparations for the 1992 Earth Summit - of which the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] was a key component.\n<<<\n"''The Interlocking Crises''\nUntil recently, the planet was a large world in which human activities and their effects were neatly compartmentalized within nations, within sectors (energy, agriculture, trade), and within broad areas of concern (environment, economics, social). These compartments have begun to dissolve. This applies in particular to the various global 'crises' that have seized public concern, particularly over the past decade. These are not separate crises: an environmental crisis, a development crisis, an energy crisis. They are all one."\n//[[Our Common Future, From One Earth to One World|http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm]]//\n<<<\n!! See also:\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 - Elements]]\n

<<<\n"''The Interlocking Crises''\n\nUntil recently, the planet was a large world in which human activities and their effects were neatly compartmentalized within nations, within sectors (energy, agriculture, trade), and within broad areas of concern (environment, economics, social). These compartments have begun to dissolve. This applies in particular to the various global 'crises' that have seized public concern, particularly over the past decade. These are not separate crises: an environmental crisis, a development crisis, an energy crisis. They are all one."\n>> //From [[Our Common Future, From One Earth to One World|http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm]]//\n<<<\n[[Climate Change 2.0]] \nThe adoption of holistic approaches, combined with the role of information & communication technologies (ICT) in enabling holistic perspectives, has played a key role in the conception and development of [[Climate Change 2.0]]. \n\nICT has played a central role in almost all aspects of understanding and action relating to climte change: observing, analyzing, modeling, understanding and responding to climate change: the publication and dissemination of climate change information; organizing local, national and international responses to climate change; monitoring and managing energy use - e.g. smart buildings, intelligent transportation systems, industrial ecology, ... - and the design, development and management of low-carbon energy technologies.\n\nDespite this vital role, very little attention has been given either to the role of information technology - either in the reports of the [[IPCC|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] or in other climate change-related sites, and there appear to be no other initiatives that have adopted a holistic approach to the potential contribution of information technology in addressing the challenge of climate change, or to an analysis and approach that seeks to optimize the overall ''climate change information ecosystem''.\n\nIn its initial phase, Climate Change 2.0 has focused on this information ecosystem, and on the development of methodologies designed to optimize the organization, presentation and dissemination of the available information on climate change, and on strategies for mitigation and adaptation. Some key approaches:\n\n\n* Almost all official publications on climate change are made available as pdf files - a format that is print / paper-oriented, and not optimized for a digital environment.\n** The pdf files rarely contain bookmarks - that can be added with very little effort through Adobe Acrobat Professional\nrolw of information technology in organizing the available information in a manner that is optimized \n\n\n\n

Addressing Climate Change in a Knowledge-Based Universe:\nAn invitation to participate \n\n"Until recently, the planet was a large world in which human activities and their effects were neatly compartmentalized within nations, within sectors (energy, agriculture, trade), and within broad areas of concern (environment, economics, social). These compartments have begun to dissolve. This applies in particular to the various global 'crises' that have seized public concern, particularly over the past decade. These are not separate crises: an environmental crisis, a development crisis, an energy crisis. They are all one."\n Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment & Development, 1987\n\nClimate Change 2.0 is an open demonstration process that draws on the power of information and communication technologies and the nature of a knowledge-based universe to address the global climate change crisis from a holistic perspective of the climate change information ecosystem.\n\nWhen the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was signed on the eve of the 1992 Earth Summit, the World Wide Web had not yet celebrated its first anniversary. In the fifteen years since then, the nature and scope of the climate change information ecosystem has been transformed beyond recognition, and information and communications technologies have played a central role in almost all aspects of understanding of, and response to, the changing climate, including:\n* observing, analyzing and modeling climate change;\n* collaboration among climate change researchers;\n* publication and dissemination of climate change information;\n* organizing local, national and international responses to climate change;\n* monitoring and managing energy use, e.g. smart buildings, intelligent transportation systems, industrial ecology; and\n* design, development and management of low-carbon energy technologies.\n\nIn the larger context, the accelerating developments in information and communications technology have been the major drivers in economic development, and have led to profound changes in an extensive range of economic and social transactions, and in the ability to observe and monitor the natural environment. These changes are taking place in the emergence of a networked information economy, brilliantly described by Yochai Benkler in The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, in what can perhaps best be described as a global transition towards a profound new þNash equilibriumþ centred on a knowledge-based economy.\n\nYet, despite this vital role, scant attention has been given to the significance of information technology in addressing climate change, nor has any systematic initiative been launched to mobiliize and contribution of and phenomenal advances in the\n\nThe Earth Summit agreements - the Rio Declaration on Environment & Development, and Agenda 21 - incorporated two major breakthroughs in global agreements:\n* recognition of the inter-relatedness of economic development, social development and the environment; and\n* the need for participation of all sectors in society in the transition to sustainable development.\n\nDespite this vital role, very little attention has been given either to the role of information technology - either in the reports of the IPCC or in other climate change-related sites, and there appear to be no other initiatives that have adopted a holistic approach to the potential contribution of information technology in addressing the challenge of climate change, or to an analysis and approach that seeks to optimize the overall climate change information ecosystem.\n\nIn its initial phase, Climate Change 2.0 has focused on climate change-related documents, and on initiatives to the organization, presentation and dissemination of these documents ...\n\nClimate Change 2.0 is being developed under the auspices of the NGO Committee on Education of CONGO, the Conference Of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations, with a short-term focus on preparations for, participation in and follow-up to the 60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference, on Climate Change: How It Impacts Us All, to be held September 5-7 2007 at UN Headquarters, and with the goal of preparing a report for the September 24 Summit on Climate Change recently announced by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.\n\nClimate Change 2.0 has been initiated by Information Habitat: Where Information Lives, a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in Special Consultative Status with the UN Economic and Social Council. Since its inception in May 1990, Information Habitat has pioneered and facilitated the use of information and communications technology in support of broad-based participation and access to and exchange of information by NGOs in the work of the United Nations and of the transition to a knowledge-based society and economy, and played a leadership trole in the online publication of key United Nations documents relating to sustainable development.\n\n"No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it."\nAlbert Einstein (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate\n

A number of elements have been developed under the auspices of [[Climate Change 2.0]], with an initial focus on the development of an online platform for the September 2007 [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] to be held at UN Headquarters on the theme "Climate Change: How It Impacts Us All", and in the broader context of the [[United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]], 2005-2014, and related international decades.\n\nThe DPI/NGO Climate Change Conference offers a unique opportunity for a demonstration project of [[Climate Change 2.0]] as it will be the last to be held at the United Nations Headquarters before major renovations begin, and there is strong interest in developing a prototype interactive online framework that would provide for real-time participation in the Conference, for this Conference, and as a model to be used for future Annual DPI/NGO Conferences.\n\nAmong the elements that are under development are the following:\n!! ~TiddlyWiki sites\n* [[Climate Change 2.0]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/]]\n** [[Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-wg2-spm|http://www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-wg2-spm]]\n** [[Peace Caucus: The Wild Cards in Climate Change]]<br>[[www.peacecaucus.net|htt[://www.peacecaucus.net]]\n* [[NGO Committee on Education]]<br>[[www.ngo-education.net/|http://www.ngo-education.net/]]\n** [[Education, Youth & Technology for Sustainable Development]]<br>[[www.ngo-education.net/workshop/|http://www.ngo-education.net/workshop/]]\n!!! ~TiddlyWikiPerfect sites\n* [[TiddlyWikiPerfect: An emerging hybrid information species]]<br>[[www.tiddlywikiperfect.net/|http://www.tiddlywikiperfect.net/]]\n** [[Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble: Plan B 2.1 (beta)]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/plan-b/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/plan-b/]]\n** [[Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/stern-review/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/stern-review/]]\n** ~TiddlyWikiPerfect sites under development\n** Confronting Climate Change\n*** Silken Valleys - Digital relief post-Kashmir earthquake\n*** ~DataPerfect Manual\n*** Information Habitat 2.0\n!! "Normal" - HTML - web sites\n* [[UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]]<br>[[www.un-documents.net/|http://www.un-documents.net/]]\n** [[Our Common Future]]<br>[[www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm|http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm]]\n* [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/wealth-of-networks/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/wealth-of-networks/]]\n!! Related Email Groups\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 Google Group|Subscribe to the Climate Change 2.0 Google Group]]\n* [[Networking Sub-Committee, Planning Committee|Subscribe to the Networking Sub-Committee Google Group]]\n* [[NGO Committee on Education|Subscribe to the NGO Committee on Education Google Group]]\n* [[Information Ecology Yahoo! Group|Subscribe to the Information Ecology Yahoo! Group]]\n* [[The Peace Caucus Yahoo! Group|Subscribe to the the Peace Caucus Yahoo! Group]]\n* [[TiddlyWiki Google Group|Subscribe to the TiddlyWiki Google Group]]\n** [[TiddlyWiki Developer Google Group|Subscribe to the TiddlyWikiDev Google Group]]\n!! Other sites\n* [[The Wealth of Networks wiki notes]]<br>[[www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks|http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/]]\n* [[Information Ecologist @ Blue Dot]]<br>[[bluedot.us/users/Information-Ecologist|http://bluedot.us/users/Information-Ecologist]] - social bookmarking\n* ~H2O Playlist\n

The ''Information Ecology of Climate Change'' is intended to harness the power of the Internet, and particularly of ''Web 2.0'' tools to the challenge of climate change, with a focus on the use of Free and Open Source software and through a focused and systematic expansion of the global [[Creative Commons]].\n\nThere is a vast amount of information and documents on the many aspects of climate change freely available online, and while it is relatively easy to find information and specific documents using search engines, it is also very easy to be overwhelmed by the sheer volume - a Google search for "climate change" currently generate approximately 85,000,000 hits, for "global warming" and "sustainable development", the numbers are 70,000,000 and 60,000,000 respectively.\n\nMost of the major documents on climate change are published - and freely available - as pdf files; however, pdf is optimized for printing, not for online accessibility; page breaks make reading a pdf document online a discontinuous process, and the use of hyperlinks in pdf files - when they are included - makes for a very cumbersome navigation process. One of the key initial tasks for ''Climate Change 2.0'' is the translation of these pdf documents into a format optimized for a web-based environment.\n\nWhen HTML versions of climate change reports are also published, e.g. with copies of the [[Third Assessment Review|IPCC Third Assessment Review]] of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], the HTML pages are frequently in a fragmented form. The adoption of simple, no-cost, measures such as the creation of dedicated sub-domains for the publication of each report could provide significant benefits by enabling site-specific searches.\n\nFrequently, lengthy reports, e.g. the 659 page [[Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change|Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review]], are published without the inclusion of any bookmarks. Incidentally, the Stern Review, in addressing the economics of climate change gave very scant attention to the role of information technology, and offered no analysis of the economics of information.\n\nMany climate change-related research papers are only available through subscription to professional journals; while individual copies can generally be purchased, typically at the price of $9.00 per article (compared to a zero marginal cost), the number of articles that a serious lay investigator might have a legitimate interest in reading makes for a prohibitive cost for most people; a cooperative initiative among professional societies to waive the charge for papers on climate change, \n\nYochai Benkler's acclaimed book, [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] offers exceptional insight and examples as to the profound transformation that are taking place, through "peer production" and new forms of collaboration in the accelerating transition to a "networked information economy"; it seems clear that a systematic effort to harness these powerful processes in a broad-based mobilization of creative intelligence to address the global climate change crisis would pay handsome dividends.\n\nThe Wealth of Networks also highlights the opportunities for significant contributions to bodies of knowledge that can be made by individuals, often without formal credentials, who are able to develop online centers of excellence through a systematic process of gathering and organizing information from multiple online sources. Given the increasingly narrow specialization in scientific research, the free availability of scientific research on climate change could provide an excellent opportunity for a generalist, with a holistic perspective and a broad general understanding of different scientific fields to make a major contribution to the body of knowledge on climate change.\n\nThe example of ''Oscar'' - an open source design for an environmentally-sound automobile - offers another example of how the adoption of open source, creative commons approaches to technology offer the possibility of making significant contributions to addressing climate change. In a different vein, the combination of ~WalMart's recent commitment to address climate change and its extensive use of RFID technology could serve as a demonstration model for the establishment of full-cost accounting in the traditional economic sphere by making visible, and accountable, previously undocumented external costs, including environmental impacts, of economic activity. The Stern Review correctly recognizes the failure of conventional markets to acknowledge external costs as a fundamental market failure that has been a major economic driver in supporting unsustainable energy use and the corresponding increases in the emission of greenhouse gases.\n\nThere would be great value in developing and implementing a comprehensive initiative to gather and organize the available information on climate change - and on a broad range of sustainable development issues, and while the cost would not be trivial, the effort could pay great dividends in the challenge of addressing climate change. There is a clear need for the development and utilizations of a climate change taxonomy, and corresponding enhancements to search engine methodology, that could play a valuable role in targeted search for relevant information.\n\nA web-based campaign to make use of social bookmarking sites - e.g. [[del.icio.us]] and [[Blue Dot]] - as platforms for collaborative gathering and sharing of key online information and resources, together with the progressive development of a structured framework for climate change-related tags offers significant opportunities for rapid and effective dissemination of critical information.\n\nLikewise, the development of a collaborative wiki site, provided it incorporates an accountability and clear commitment to, and monitoring of, guidelines for participation that are unfortunately missing from <<wikipedia Wikipedia>>, could offer an invaluable participatory forum within which a rigorous, comprehensive body of climate change information could be assembled..\n\nTiddlyWikiPerfect offers a very promising platform for managing, organizing and sharing climate change information. TiddlyWikiPerfect is an emerging hybrid information species combining the power of two exceptional software platforms - TiddlyWiki - [[www.tiddlywiki.com|http://www.tiddlywiki.com]] - a brilliant and rapidly-evolving self-contained wiki that serves as a prime example of the "peer production" model described by Yochai Benkler - and DataPerfect, lesser-known companion of the classic WordPerfect for DOS and arguably the most brilliant relational database yet to see the light of day, whose genius was largely obscured by the transition to a Windows platform, but has remained alive, supported by a brilliant and dedicated group of developers - see [[www.dataperfect.nl|http://www.dataperfect.nl]] - and has now been adapted to an online environment where it is now able to function as a web server.\n\nIn a broader context, the radical change in an in increasingly networked information economy - touched on but not fully developed in Yochai Benkler's [[The Wealth of Networks|The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] is the largely unappreciated reality that in a networked knowledge-based universe, a universe in which knowledge is the central basis for wealth and in which the zero-based properties of information become increasingly self-evident and appreciated - i.e. that information has zero mass, zero physical size and takes virtually zero time and cost to travel - accessibility to wealth is no longer constrained the laws of conservation of mass and energy.

Hand-in-hand with the online dimensions of ''Climate Change 2.0'' is a focus on the simple, yet vital task of ''Renewing the Earth'' through composting -

!! Transition to knowledge-based economies, societies and environments\n* Nature and properties of a knowledge-based universe and networked information economy +++\n\n* Zero-based properties of information\n* Zero marginal cost\n* Equilibrium in a knowledge-based economy\n===\n\n* ''Transformation of information ecosystems'' +++\n* [[Information ecosystems]]\n* Evolution of collaborative information tools\n** Online meeting software\n** Electronic mailing lists\n** Wikis\n** Blogs\n** Social bookmarking sites\n* Emergence of Open Source software & digital commons\n** Open source communities\n** Digital commons communities\n===\n\n* ''Transformation of markets'' +++\n* Evolution of "perfect markets"\n* [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]]\n===\n\n* ''Transformation of news media'' +++\n* Revival of freedom of the press\n===\n\n* ''Thinking differently'' +++\n* Holistic approaches\n* Collective intelligence\n===\n\n!! Climate Change information ecosystems\n* ''Role of information technology'' +++\n* observing, analyzing and modeling climate change;\n* collaboration among climate change researchers;\n* publication and dissemination of climate change information;\n* organizing local, national and international responses to climate change;\n* monitoring and managing energy use, e.g. smart buildings, intelligent transportation systems, industrial ecology; and\n* design, development and management of low-carbon energy technologies.\n===\n\n* ''Climate change reports & analyses'' +++\n* Complexity of climate change information\n* Predominance of pdf (print/paper oriented) publication +++\n* Absence of pdf bookmarks\n===\n\n* Absence of common climate change taxonomy search framework\n* Barriers to search optimization\n* Opportunities for optimization of digital access\n===\n\n* ''Climate change, environmental & sustainable development agreements'' +++\n* Lack of integrative framework for agreements\n* Lack of integrative monitoring frameworks\n===\n\n* ''Climate change networks'' +++\n* Science & research communities\n* Governments & intergovernmental organizations\n* Civil society networks & organizations\n* Indigenous peoples\n* Faith-based networks\n* Industry networks\n* Education community\n* Energy producers - states & corporations\n===\n\n* ''Climate change in the media'' +++\n* Consolidation of mainstream media & relationship with energy industry\n* Proliferation of Independent media - blogs, video, audio, wikis, et al\n===\n\n!! Participating organizations\n

<<<\n"No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it."\n//Albert Einstein// (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate \n<<<\n''Climate Change 2.0 - The Manhattan Connection'', scheduled for release on ''Earth Day'' - ''Sunday, April 22, 2007'' - has been conceived as a vehicle to harness the power and intelligence of Web 2.0 and to mobilize the resources, genius, creativity, power and diversity of Manhattan, and surrounding areas, to address the truths and consequences of dangerous global climate change, and the addiction to oil with which the dangers are directly linked. \n!! Why Climate Change 2.0?\n!!! Phase 2: Truth & Consequences; The Need for Timely, Intelligent Responses\nWith the initial release of the [[Fourth Assessment Report]] of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], following on the heels of [[An Inconvenient Truth]], and in the light of increasing reports of rapidly melting ice - sea ice, ice sheets, ice caps, snow caps and glaciers - in the polar and mountain regions of the Earth - and the growing disruption of human communities, wildlife, flora and fauna in those regions.\n!! Why The Manhattan Connection?\nWhile dangerous climate change \n!!! Magnitude of the Challenge\nNothing less than a commitment on a scale, and urgency as great or greater than that of the original Manhattan Project is needed for a timely, intelligent responses to the truth and consequences of global warming\nWe need to recognize that the magnitude and immediacy of the rising trend of both temperatures and of greenhouse gases - especially CO~~2~~ - Carbon Dioxide - combined with the cumulative impact of historical emissions and the time scale momentum of \n!!! Manhattan's Power and Influence\nAs both financial and communications capital of the world, \n\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 - Elements]]\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 - The Vision]]\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 - Renewing the Earth]]\n

Despite the fact that ICT has made indispensable contributions to the understanding of climate change. the lack of recognition of the current and potential role of ICT - and of the [[economics of information|Economics of information]], in addressing the climate change crisis is striking. Among the many contributions of ICT are the:\n* collection and analysis of the evidence demonstrating the nature and dynamics of climate change would not be possible;\n* use of earth observation satellite imagery\n* extensive and timely collaboration among thousands of research scientists, advocates and activists concerned with climate change;\n* use of the Internet as a key medium in the publication and dissemination of information and publications relating to climate change trends\nHowever, while there is a massive amount of information freely available online in relation to climate change,\n* there is no systematic strategy to optimize the organization of climate change information for a digital environment\n* almost all of the major documents are published as pdf files - a format optimized for printing - and that offers fairly primitive and cumbersome navigational features compared to the combination of HTML, scripting languages and database-driven methodologies\n* the pdf files are generally created without even the incorporation of internal pdf navigational tools, i.e. bookmarks, or with systematic inclusion of hyperlinks to references\nIn addition. although there are some excellent examples of the value of process-oriented ICT, little attention is given to the actual and potential use of ICT in such areas as:\n* monitoring and analyzing industrial energy & resource use, often within the conceptual framework of ''industrial ecology'' - see <<wikipedia "Industrial ecology">> at <<wikipedia Wikipedia>>.\n* monitoring and management of residential & office energy use\n* monitoring and management of traffic congestion & traffic flows\n* energy-saving through substituting the movement of information for the movement of people\n!!![[Background / Context]]\n!!![[Draft Plan of Action]]\n!!![[Current Status]]\n!!![[Related Initiatives]]

[[Climate Change 2.0]] incorporates a vision of a world with a climate of peace and broad-based participation in which the

<<tiddler "A. Introduction (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n\n<<tiddler "B. Current knowledge about observed impacts of climate change on the natural and human environment (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n<<tiddler "C. Current knowledge about future impacts (ar4-wg2-spm)">>

The Summary for Policy Makers of Working Group II of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] addresses ''Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability'' was released on April 6, 2007 and provides an overview of the current knowledge about observed impacts of climate change on the natural and human environment, across a wide range of systems and sectors concerning the nature of future impacts, including for some fields not covered in previous assessments, and by regions. \n* The official version of the 23-page summary can be downloaded in pdf format at [[www.ipcc.ch/SPM13apr07.pdf|http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM13apr07.pdf]]\n* Access the full report: [[Climate Change 2007: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Report of Working Group II]]\n* The contents of the summary have been reorganized in TiddlyWiki format with the goal of making it easier to read and understand at [[www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-wg2-spm|http://www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-wg2-spm]].

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The final Report of ''Climate Change 2007: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report'' will be adopted at the 27th meeting of ''IPCC''.\n\n<<siteMap ipcc-ar4>>

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''Observed changes in climate and its effects'' (WG 1, 2)\n* Past climate change including palaeoclimate aspects\n* Effects of past climate change on natural systems and society\n''Causes of change'' (WG 1, 2, 3)\n* Natural and human-related factors\n* Feedbacks, via the carbon cycle and otherwise\n''Climate change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios'' (WG 1, 2, 3)\n* Future climate change\n* Vulnerabilities\n* Hazards, risks and opportunities\n* Water, agriculture, ecosystems, human well-being and development\n* Regional implications\n* Implications of timescales, inertia, and lags\n* Risks of abrupt or irreversible changes\n''Adaptation and mitigation options and responses, and the inter-relationship with sustainable development, at global and regional levels'' (WG 2, 3)\n* Adaptation - past experience and options and policies (including costs/benefits, co-benefits, and spillover effects), extent, limits, effectiveness and enhancement, sectoral and regional considerations, current, medium-, and long-term\n* Mitigation - past experience and options and policies (including costs/benefits, co-benefits, and spillover effects), extent, limits, effectiveness and enhancement, sectoral and regional considerations, current, medium-, and long-term\n* Relationship between adaptation and mitigation options\n* Technology: timing, development, transfer, environment and integration issues\n* International cooperation\n''The long term perspective'': scientific and socio-economic aspects relevant to adaptation and mitigation, consistent with the objectives and provisions of the Convention, and in the context of sustainable development\n* Costs, benefits and avoided damage and risks at global and regional levels and under different scenarios\n* Timing of mitigation and equity implications\n* Relationship between adaptation and mitigation\n* Technology flows and development\n* Broader environment and integration issues\n''Robust findings, key uncertainties''

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@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the web site of ''Working Group I of the IPCC''. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html@@\n<html><iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html"\n title = "Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis of Climate Change">\n</iframe> </html>

* ''How has the science of climate change advanced since the IPCC began?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 1. Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch01.pdf]] (36 p, 7.4 MB)\n===\n\n* ''What is known about the natural and anthropogenic agents that contribute to climate change, and the underlying processes that are involved?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 2. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch02.pdf]] (106 p, 8.6 MB)\n* [[Chapter 6. Palaeoclimate|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch06.pdf]] (66 p, 7.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 7. Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch07-v2.pdf]] (90 p, 8.5 MB)\n===\n\n* ''How has climate been observed to change during the period of instrumental measurements?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 3. Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch03.pdf]] (102 p, 22.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 4. Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch04.pdf]] (52 p, 6.5 MB)\n* [[Chapter 5. Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch05.pdf]] (48 p, 12.9 MB)\n===\n\n* ''What is known of palaeoclimatic changes, before the instrumental era, over time scales of hundreds to millions of years, and the processes that caused them?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 6. Palaeoclimate|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch06.pdf]] (66 p, 7.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 9. Understanding and Attributing Climate Change|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch09.pdf]] (74 p, 5.6 MB)\n===\n\n* ''How well do we understand human and natural contributions to recent climate change, and how well can we simulate changes in climate using models?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 8. Climate Models and their Evaluation|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch08.pdf]] (74 p, 5.6 MB)\n===\n\n* ''How is climate projected to change in the future, globally and regionally?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 10. Global Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch10.pdf]] (100 p, 18.3 MB)\n* [[Chapter 11. Regional Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch11.pdf]] (94 p, 11.5 MB)\n===\n\n* ''What is known about past and projected changes in sea level, including the role of changes in glaciers and ice sheets?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 4. Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch04.pdf]] (48 p, 6.5 MB)\n* [[Chapter 5. Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch05.pdf]] (48 p, 12.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 6. Palaeoclimate|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch06.pdf]] (66 p, 7.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 10. Global Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch10.pdf]] (100 p, 18.3 MB)\n===\n\n* ''Are extremes such as heavy precipitation, droughts, and heat waves changing and why, and how are they expected to change in the future?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 3. Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch03.pdf]] (102 p, 22.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 5. Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch05.pdf]] (48 p, 12.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 9. Understanding and Attributing Climate Change|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch09.pdf]] (74 p, 5.6 MB)\n* [[Chapter 10. Global Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch10.pdf]] (100 p, 18.3 MB)\n* [[Chapter 11. Regional Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch11.pdf]] (94 p, 11.5 MB)\n===\n

''You'' are invited to participate in ''Climate Change Summer'' a free-form, open, //pro bono publico//, network of partnerships committed to independent and collaborative learning, teaching, dialogue on climate change. the actual and likely impacts, and steps we can take to reduce our impact and adapt to the likely changes. ''Climate Change Summer'' is a time for us to focus our attention on what many call the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced , deepen our understanding of the causes and consequences, become aware of our own [[carbon footprints]] and how we can reduce them, and to explore the remarkable free and Open Source online tools and resource that make possible remarkable new form of intelligent collaboration and free exchange of information and tools.\n\n''Climate Change Summer'' has been incubated in [[Climate Change 2.0]], a \n \n!! Summer has begun\nAt 18:06 UTC - 2:06 pm, Eastern Standard Time in New York, the 2007 Summer Solstice marked the beginning of Summer\n!! A ~TiddlyWiki Gathering for Climate Change Summer\n''Climate Change Summer'' is very fortunate to have found TiddlyWiki and adopted it - along with TiddlyWikiPerfect that emerged from a very fruitful union between TiddlyWiki and DataPerfect - as a platform for ''Climate Change Summer''\n!!! Learn how to build your own Climate Change Summer - \n* [[Download Climate Change Summer]]\n* Change the SiteTitle, e.g. to Climate Change Summer, Paris; Climate Change Summer, Senegal; ...\n* Change the fonts\n* Change the colours\n* Customize the MainMenu\n* Add your own tiddlers - focusing on themes and topics that are important to you as you come across interesting sites, news reports\n* Learn more about TiddlyWiki, e.g. \n** by expanding the [[Tiddler Administrative]]\n** by visiting [[twhelp.tiddlyspot.com|http://twhelp.tiddlyspot.com]]\n** by subscribing to [[TiddlyWiki@googlegroups.com]]\n* Using [[iframe tiddlers]] or simple HTML tags, you can include useful web pages, blogs, or streaming videos, etc \n!! Searching, gathering, sharing & organizing information\nThere Tools for \n** use [[Google Alerts]] to track news & web sites of interest to you - whether for "climate change summer"\n!! When it gets hot ...\nWhen it gets hot this summer, let it be a reminder to us to deepen our commitment to responding effectively in reducing our own The imminence of the dangers - highlighted in a [[major article|Climate change and trace gases. Hansen, J. et al]] in the ''Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A'' by leading climate change scientists in confirmed what many observers had already concluded, that the rate of global warming is significantly faster than has been predicted. ''The Independent online'''s lead story on June 19 - [[The Earth today stands in imminent peril|The Earth today stands in imminent peril. The Independent online]] - was based on this article.\n!! How you can participate\nAs a participant, you are invited to spend time, as you are able, during the summer months - from June 21, to September 23, 2007 in:\n* learning and teaching about climate change;\n* answering and researching any questions you may have;\n* learning about the actual and prospective impacts of global warming\n* learning about and publicizing ways that may be effective in responding to the threat of these impacts;\n* gathering valuable information and sharing it with others who share your concerns;\n* participating in one or more networks or organization that are taking effective action in the face of climate change.\n!! Summer reading\n!! The time is now\nTime is of the essence in responding the climate change, faced with growing evidence as to the accelerating rates of melting of ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers and permafrost, with severe implications for freshwater availability, sea-level rise, and acceleration of warming through the release of methane released from thawing permafrost.\n!! Stay tuned\n* check back here for evolving news and updates.\n* subscribe to [[climate-change-summer@googlegroups.com]]\n* track [[Information Ecologist @ BlueDot]]

Photographs can provide an easy way to share experiences, stories and information. [[Picasa web albums]] are one of the free and easy to use resources for sharing your photos. Most of the albums \n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://picasaweb.google.com/ecology2001]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://picasaweb.google.com/ecology2001"\n title = "Picasa web albums for Climate Change Summer"'>\n</iframe> </html>

\n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://coinet.org.uk/]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "750"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://coinet.org.uk/"\n title = "Climate Outreach & Information Network"'>\n</iframe> </html>

This article, by leading climate scientists, including James Hansen, of NASA, published in the ''Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A'' provides compelling evidence that the impact of human-induced climate change is much greater than presented in the recently-issued ''Fourth Assessment Report'' of the IPCC..\n\nA report on the publication of this article was featured as the lead story on ''The Independent online'' on June 19, 2007. For more information, read the article, [[The Earth today stands in imminent peril|The Earth today stands in imminent peril. The Independent online]].\n\n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/l3h462k7p4068780/fulltext.html ]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/l3h462k7p4068780/fulltext.html"\n title = "climate change and trace gases"'>\n</iframe> </html>\n

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In addition to this main web site, the [[Information and Communications Sub-Committee]] has been developing a number of web sites for the [[NGO Committee on Education]]:\n* ''UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements'' - a unique hyperlinked collection of more than five hundred key United Nations documents relating to sustainable development, education, human rights, peace, etc., including the agreements from most of the major global conferences organized by the United Nations and a significant number of important conventions / treaties. http://www.un-documents.net [[Read more details|UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]] \n* ''The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom'' - an HTML adaptation of the highly acclaimed book, released under a [[Creative Commons]] licence, on the nature and dynamics of a 'networked information economy' by ''Yochai Benkler''. Professor of Law at Yale University and New York University. http://www.ngo-education.net/wealth-of-networks/ [[Read more details|The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]]

In many respects, composting is at the heart of Climate Change 2.0. Compostin - saving your coffee grounds and eggshells, banana and orange peel,

''CONGO'' - the ''C''onference ''O''f ''N''on-''G''overnmental ''O''rganizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations - is an independent, international, not-for-profit membership association of nongovernmental organizations that facilitates the participation of ~NGOs in United Nations debates and decisions. CONGO is most active in the major UN centers of New York, Geneva, and Vienna, but extends its work to all regions of the world. In 2002. CONGO became accredited in its own right as an NGO in General Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.\n* [[www.ngocongo.org/|http://www.ngocongo.org]]

The imminence and severity of the problems posed by the accelerating changes in the global climate are becoming increasingly evident. Heat waves are becoming more severe, droughts and downpours are becoming more intense, the Greenland Ice Sheet is shrinking and sea level is rising, and the increasing acidification of the oceans is threatening calcifying organisms. The environment and the world’s societies are facing increasing stress.\n\nThere is growing recognition of the complex scientific and technical issues related to climate change and sustainable development. The [[Johannesburg Plan of Implementation|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]], adopted in 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, requested that the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) "[g]ive greater consideration to the scientific contributions to sustainable development through, for example, drawing on the scientific community."\n\nThe ''United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs'' (DESA), in its role as Secretariat to the CSD, seeks to facilitate contributions by the scientific community to the work of the Commission. Accordingly, DESA invited ''Sigma Xi'', the Scientific Research Society, to convene an international panel of scientific experts to prepare a report outlining the best measures for mitigating and adapting to global warming for submission to the CSD.\n\nTo carry out this task, the Scientific Expert Group on Climate Change and Sustainable Development (SEG) was formed and is comprised of 18 distinguished international scientists. The panel was asked to consider innovative approaches for mitigating and/or adapting to projected climate changes, and to anticipate the relationship of response measures to sustainable development.\n\n''Highlights of the resulting report include'':\n* To avoid a entering a regime of sharply rising danger of intolerable impacts on humans, policy makers should limit temperature increases from global warming to 2-2.5°C above the 1750 pre-industrial level. It is still possible to avoid unmanageable changes in the future, but the time for action is now. +++\n** Temperatures have already risen about 0.8°C[1] above pre-industrial levels and are projected to rise of approximately 3-5°C over pre-industrial levels by 2100.\n** Avoiding temperature increases greater than 2-2.5°C would require very rapid success in reducing emissions of methane and black soot worldwide, and global carbon dioxide emissions must level off by 2015 or 2020 at not much above their current amount, before beginning a decline to no more than a third of that level by 2100.\n===\n\n* The technology exists to seize significant opportunities around the globe to reduce emissions and provide other economic, environmental and social benefits, including meeting the United Nations’ [[Millennium Development Goals]]. To do so, policy makers must immediately act to reduce emissions by: +++\n** Improving efficiency in the transportation sector through measures such as vehicle efficiency standards, fuel taxes, and registration fees/rebates that favor purchase of efficient and alternative fuel vehicles.\n** Improving design and efficiency of commercial and residential buildings through building codes, standards for equipment and appliances, incentives for property developers and landlords to build and manage properties efficiently, and financing for energy-efficiency investments.\n** Expanding the use of biofuels through energy portfolio standards and incentives to growers and consumers.\n** Beginning immediately, designing and deploying only coal-fired power plants that will be capable of cost-effective and environmentally-sound retrofits for capture and sequestration of their carbon emissions.\n===\n\n* Some level of climate change and impacts from it is already unavoidable. Societies must do more to adapt to ongoing and unavoidable changes in the Earth’s climate system by: +++\n** Improving preparedness/response strategies and management of natural resources to cope with future climatic conditions that will be. fundamentally different than those experienced for the last 100 years.\n** Addressing the adaptation needs of the poorest and most vulnerable nations, which will bear the brunt of climate change impacts.\n** Planning and building climate resilient cities.\n** Strengthening international, national, and regional institutions to cope with weather-related disasters and an increasing number of climate change refugees.\n===\n\n* The international community, through the UN and related multilateral institutions, can play a crucial role in advancing action to manage the unavoidable and avoid the unmanageable by: +++\n** Helping developing countries and countries with economies in transition to finance and deploy energy efficient and new energy technologies.\n** Accelerating negotiations to develop a successor international framework for addressing climate change and sustainable development.\n** Educating all about the opportunities to adopt mitigation and adaptation measures.\n===\n\n\n''Download Confronting Climate Cnange'':\n* [[Executive Summary|http://www.unfoundation.org/files/pdf/2007/SEG_ExecSumm.pdf]] (pdf, 3 Mb)\n* [[Full Report|http://www.unfoundation.org/files/pdf/2007/SEG_Report.pdf]] (pdf, 8Mb)\n* [[Corrected page 15|http://www.unfoundation.org/files/pdf/2007/SEG_errata_map.pdf]] (pdf, 4Mb)\nVisit [[official web site for Confronting Climate Change|http://www.unfoundation.org/SEG/]]

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<html><hide linebreaks>\nPlease use this form to send any messages, comments or questions about this site, or send an email to <a href="mailto:webster@climate-change-two.net">webster@climate-change-two.net</a>:\n<p>\n<form method=post target=email action="http://cgi.eytv4sfc.net/gdform.cgi" style="display:inline">\n<input type=hidden name=to value="seasons-of-peace@earthlink.net.net">\n<input type=hidden name=subject value="Climate Change 2.0 feedback">\n<input type=hidden name=prefix value="The Economics of Climate Change">\n<input type=hidden name=url value="javascript:window.close();">\n<input type=text name=from style="width:49%" value="your name" onfocus="this.select()">\n<input type=text name=reply style="width:49%" value="your email address" onfocus="this.select()"><br>\n<input type=text name=organization style="width:99%" value="your organization (optional)" onfocus="this.select()"><br>\n<font size=-2>Your message:</font><br>\n<textarea rows=7 cols=50 name=text style="width:98%" onfocus="this.select()"></textarea><br>\n<font size=-2>Enter your information, comments or questions, then press </font><input type=submit value="send"></form>\n<p>\nPlease note that your message will probably remain here are you have sent it, and that doesn't mean the message hasn't been sent!\n</html>

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!! [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference. Climate Change: How It Impacts Us All|60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]]\n!!! Afternoon Roundtable Session\n''Thursday, 6 September 2007\n3:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.\nConference Room 4''\n\nThis panel will focus on innovative ways to minimise and cope with the negative impacts of climate change, primarily as they present in erratic weather patterns. These events aggravate famine and mass migrations in areas already burdened, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The panel will address the effective local initiatives utilised in combating desertification - planning and zoning techniques, which can stem the rapid loss of agricultural lands to urbanisation. How can these be overcome without sacrificing issues of equity? What can ~NGOs, national governments and UN agencies do to encourage compliance?\n\nIn addition, the panelists will consider the vital role that the preservation of biodiversity and reforestation policies can play in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere.\n!!!Moderator:\n* [[Khaled Dawoud]], Correspondent, ~Al-Jazeera +++\n> <<tiddler "Khaled Dawoud">>\n===\n\n!!! Speakers:\n* [[Rosalind Peterson]], California President and ~Co-Founder of the Agriculture Defense Coalition (ADC) +++\n> <<tiddler "Rosalind Peterson">>\n===\n\n* [[Dickson Despommier]], Professor of Public Health and Microbiology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University +++\n> <<tiddler "Dickson Despommier">>\n===\n\n* [[Pekka Patosaari]], Director, Secretariat for the [[United Nations Forum on Forests]] +++\n> <<tiddler "Pekka Patosaari">>\n===\n\n* [[Li Xiaolin]], ~Vice-President, Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries +++\n> <<tiddler "Li Xiaolin">>\n===\n\nhttp://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/conference/Roundtable4.htm

The vision of a ''Culture of Peace''

/***\n|Name|HoverMenuPlugin|\n|Created by|[[Saq Imtiaz]]|\n|Location|http://tw.lewcid.org/#HoverMenuPlugin|\n|Version|1.11|\n|Requires|~TW2.x|\n|Description: |Provides a hovering menu on the edge of the screen for commonly used commands, that scrolls with the page. |\n|Demo: |Observe the hovering menu on the right edge of the screen. |\n|Installation: |Copy the contents of this tiddler to your TW, tag with systemConfig, save and reload your TW. |\nTo customize your HoverMenu, edit the HoverMenu shadow tiddler.\n\nTo customize whether the menu sticks to the right or left edge of the screen, and its start position, edit the HoverMenu configuration settings part of the code below. It's well documented, so don't be scared!\n\nThe menu has an id of hoverMenu, in case you want to style the buttons in it using css.\n\n!Notes:\nSince the default HoverMenu contains buttons for toggling the side bar and jumping to the top of the screen and to open tiddlers, the ToggleSideBarMacro, JumpMacro and the JumpToTopMacro are included in this tiddler, so you dont need to install them separately. Having them installed separately as well could lead to complications.\n\nIf you dont intend to use these three macros at all, feel free to remove those sections of code in this tiddler.\n\n!To Do:\n* rework code to allow multiple hovering menus in different positions, horizontal etc.\n* incorporate code for keyboard shortcuts that correspond to the buttons in the hovermenu\n\n!History:\n*03-08-06, ver 1.1.2: compatibility fix with SelectThemePlugin\n*03-08-06, ver 1.11: fixed error with button tooltips\n*27-07-06, ver 1.1 : added JumpMacro to hoverMenu\n*23-07-06\n\n!Code\n***/\n\n/***\nstart HoverMenu plugin code\n***/\n//{{{\nconfig.hoverMenu={};\n//}}}\n\n/***\nHoverMenu configuration settings\n***/\n//{{{\nconfig.hoverMenu.settings={\n align: 'right', //align menu to right or left side of screen, possible values are 'right' and 'left' \n x: 18, // horizontal distance of menu from side of screen, increase to your liking.\n y: 200 //vertical distance of menu from top of screen at start, increase or decrease to your liking\n };\n//}}}\n\n//{{{\n//continue HoverMenu plugin code\nconfig.hoverMenu.handler=function()\n{ \n if (!document.getElementById("hoverMenu"))\n {\n var theMenu = createTiddlyElement(document.getElementById("contentWrapper"), "div","hoverMenu");\n theMenu.setAttribute("refresh","content");\n theMenu.setAttribute("tiddler","HoverMenu");\n var menuContent = store.getTiddlerText("HoverMenu");\n wikify(menuContent,theMenu);\n }\n\n var Xloc = this.settings.x;\n Yloc =this.settings.y;\n var ns = (navigator.appName.indexOf("Netscape") != -1);\n function SetMenu(id)\n {\n var GetElements=document.getElementById?document.getElementById(id):document.all?document.all[id]:document.layers[id];\n if(document.layers)GetElements.style=GetElements;\n GetElements.sP=function(x,y){this.style[config.hoverMenu.settings.align]=x +"px";this.style.top=y +"px";};\n GetElements.x = Xloc;\n GetElements.y = findScrollY();\n GetElements.y += Yloc;\n return GetElements;\n }\n window.LoCate_XY=function()\n {\n var pY = findScrollY();\n ftlObj.y += (pY + Yloc - ftlObj.y)/15;\n ftlObj.sP(ftlObj.x, ftlObj.y);\n setTimeout("LoCate_XY()", 10);\n }\n ftlObj = SetMenu("hoverMenu");\n LoCate_XY();\n};\n\nwindow.old_lewcid_hovermenu_restart = restart;\nrestart = function()\n{\n window.old_lewcid_hovermenu_restart();\n config.hoverMenu.handler();\n};\n\nsetStylesheet(\n"#hoverMenu .imgLink, #hoverMenu .imgLink:hover {border:none; padding:0px; float:right; margin-bottom:2px; margin-top:0px;}\sn"+\n"#hoverMenu .button, #hoverMenu .tiddlyLink {border:none; font-weight:bold; background:#18f; color:#FFF; padding:0 5px; float:right; margin-bottom:4px;}\sn"+\n"#hoverMenu .button:hover, #hoverMenu .tiddlyLink:hover {font-weight:bold; border:none; color:#fff; background:#000; padding:0 5px; float:right; margin-bottom:4px;}\sn"+\n"#hoverMenu .button {width:100%; text-align:center}"+\n"#hoverMenu { position:absolute; width:7px;}\sn"+\n"\sn","hoverMenuStyles");\n\n\nconfig.macros.renameButton={};\nconfig.macros.renameButton.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)\n{\n\n if (place.lastChild.tagName!="BR")\n {\n place.lastChild.firstChild.data = params[0];\n if (params[1]) {place.lastChild.title = params[1];}\n }\n};\n\nconfig.shadowTiddlers["HoverMenu"]="<<top>>\sn<<toggleSideBar>><<renameButton '>' >>\sn<<jump j '' top>>\sn<<saveChanges>><<renameButton s 'Save TiddlyWiki'>>\sn<<newTiddler>><<renameButton n>>\sn";\n//}}}\n//end HoverMenu plugin code\n\n//Start ToggleSideBarMacro code\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.toggleSideBar={};\n\nconfig.macros.toggleSideBar.settings={\n styleHide : "#sidebar { display: none;}\sn"+"#contentWrapper #displayArea { margin-right: 1em;}\sn"+"",\n styleShow : " ",\n arrow1: "«",\n arrow2: "»"\n};\n\nconfig.macros.toggleSideBar.handler=function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)\n{\n var tooltip= params[1]||'toggle sidebar';\n var mode = (params[2] && params[2]=="hide")? "hide":"show";\n var arrow = (mode == "hide")? this.settings.arrow1:this.settings.arrow2;\n var label= (params[0]&&params[0]!='.')?params[0]+" "+arrow:arrow;\n var theBtn = createTiddlyButton(place,label,tooltip,this.onToggleSideBar,"button HideSideBarButton");\n if (mode == "hide")\n { \n (document.getElementById("sidebar")).setAttribute("toggle","hide");\n setStylesheet(this.settings.styleHide,"ToggleSideBarStyles");\n }\n};\n\nconfig.macros.toggleSideBar.onToggleSideBar = function(){\n var sidebar = document.getElementById("sidebar");\n var settings = config.macros.toggleSideBar.settings;\n if (sidebar.getAttribute("toggle")=='hide')\n {\n setStylesheet(settings.styleShow,"ToggleSideBarStyles");\n sidebar.setAttribute("toggle","show");\n this.firstChild.data= (this.firstChild.data).replace(settings.arrow1,settings.arrow2);\n }\n else\n { \n setStylesheet(settings.styleHide,"ToggleSideBarStyles");\n sidebar.setAttribute("toggle","hide");\n this.firstChild.data= (this.firstChild.data).replace(settings.arrow2,settings.arrow1);\n }\n\n return false;\n}\n\nsetStylesheet(".HideSideBarButton .button {font-weight:bold; padding: 0 5px;}\sn","ToggleSideBarButtonStyles");\n//}}}\n//end ToggleSideBarMacro code\n\n//start JumpToTopMacro code\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.top={};\nconfig.macros.top.handler=function(place,macroName)\n{\n createTiddlyButton(place,"^","jump to top",this.onclick);\n}\nconfig.macros.top.onclick=function()\n{\n window.scrollTo(0,0);\n};\n\nconfig.commands.top =\n{\n text:" ^ ",\n tooltip:"jump to top"\n};\n\nconfig.commands.top.handler = function(event,src,title)\n{\n window.scrollTo(0,0);\n}\n//}}}\n//end JumpToStartMacro code\n\n//start JumpMacro code\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.jump= {};\nconfig.macros.jump.handler = function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)\n{\n var label = (params[0] && params[0]!=".")? params[0]: 'jump';\n var tooltip = (params[1] && params[1]!=".")? params[1]: 'jump to an open tiddler';\n var top = (params[2] && params[2]=='top') ? true: false; \n\n var btn =createTiddlyButton(place,label,tooltip,this.onclick);\n if (top==true)\n btn.setAttribute("top","true")\n}\n\nconfig.macros.jump.onclick = function(e)\n{\n if (!e) var e = window.event;\n var theTarget = resolveTarget(e);\n var top = theTarget.getAttribute("top");\n var popup = Popup.create(this);\n if(popup)\n {\n if(top=="true")\n {createTiddlyButton(createTiddlyElement(popup,"li"),'Top ↑','Top of TW',config.macros.jump.top);\n createTiddlyElement(popup,"hr");}\n \n story.forEachTiddler(function(title,element) {\n createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(popup,"li"),title,true);\n });\n }\n Popup.show(popup,false);\n e.cancelBubble = true;\n if (e.stopPropagation) e.stopPropagation();\n return false;\n}\n\nconfig.macros.jump.top = function()\n{\n window.scrollTo(0,0);\n}\n//}}}\n//end JumpMacro code\n\n//utility functions\n//{{{\nPopup.show = function(unused,slowly)\n{\n var curr = Popup.stack[Popup.stack.length-1];\n var rootLeft = findPosX(curr.root);\n var rootTop = findPosY(curr.root);\n var rootHeight = curr.root.offsetHeight;\n var popupLeft = rootLeft;\n var popupTop = rootTop + rootHeight;\n var popupWidth = curr.popup.offsetWidth;\n var winWidth = findWindowWidth();\n if (isChild(curr.root,'hoverMenu'))\n var x = config.hoverMenu.settings.x;\n else\n var x = 0;\n if(popupLeft + popupWidth+x > winWidth)\n popupLeft = winWidth - popupWidth -x;\n if (isChild(curr.root,'hoverMenu'))\n {curr.popup.style.right = x + "px";}\n else\n curr.popup.style.left = popupLeft + "px";\n curr.popup.style.top = popupTop + "px";\n curr.popup.style.display = "block";\n addClass(curr.root,"highlight");\n if(config.options.chkAnimate)\n anim.startAnimating(new Scroller(curr.popup,slowly));\n else\n window.scrollTo(0,ensureVisible(curr.popup));\n}\n\nwindow.isChild = function(e,parentId) {\n while (e != null) {\n var parent = document.getElementById(parentId);\n if (parent == e) return true;\n e = e.parentNode;\n }\n return false;\n};\n//}}}\n\n\n

The ''DPI/NGO Conference Planning Committee'' has the responsibility of planning the Annual DPI/NGO Conference. The Planning Committee for the 60th Conference is chaired by ''Richard Jordan'' and meets on a weekly basis - with occasional exceptions - each Thursday at United Nations Headquarters in New York. To be added to the list for receiving meeting announcements, minutes, etc, please send an email to ''section5 (at) un (dot) org''.\n\n

The [[NGO Committee on Education]] was a co-sponsor and organizer - with [[Rotary International]], [[UNESCO|http://www.unesco.org]], [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]], [[Earthwatch Institute]] and the [[Armenian Assembly of America]] - of ''Education, Youth & Technology for Sustainable Development'', a workshop at the ''59th Annual DPI/NGO Conference'' in September 2005 that focused on the [[United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]]. For additional information on the workshop, please visit [[www.ngo-education.net/workshop|http://www.ngo-education.net/workshop]] - a site that was the Information and Communications Sub-Committee's first experiment with the TiddlyWiki software platform. \n\nNote that an earlier web site has been created for the workshop, using the open source educational software platform ''Moodle''- an acronym for Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment - see [[www.moodle.org|http://www.moodle.org]]. However. while Moodle offers some exceptional features, it is a much more complex platform, and unlike TiddlyWiki, which is a self-contained web site requiring only a browser to create, edit and/or view a pages, Moodle requires the installation of server-side software - and a web hosting service that permits the installation of the necessary software. You may be able to access the Moodle site for the Workshop - currently hosted sporadically on a home computer running Windows XP - at http://24.215.188.100/index.php\n\n

!!Education For All: Meeting Our Collective Commitments\n# Meeting in Dakar, Senegal, in April 2000, we, the participants in the World Education Forum, commit ourselves to the achievement of education for all (EFA) goals and targets for every citizen and for every society.\n# The Dakar Framework is a collective commitment to action. Governments have an obligation to ensure that EFA goals and targets are reached and sustained. This is a responsibility that will be met most effectively through broad-based partnerships within countries, supported by cooperation with regional and international agencies and institutions.\n# We re-affirm the vision of the [[World Declaration on Education for All|http://www.un-documents.net/jomtien.htm]] (Jomtien 1990), supported by the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|http://www.un-documents.net/a3r217a.htm]] and the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child|http://www.un-documents.net/crc.htm]], that all children, young people and adults have the human right to benefit from an education that will meet their basic learning needs in the best and fullest sense of the term, an education that includes learning to know, to do, to live together and to be. It is an education geared to tapping each individual's talents and potential, and developing learners' personalities, so that they can improve their lives and transform their societies.\n# We welcome the commitments made by the international community to basic education throughout the 1990s, notably at the [[World Summit for Children|http://www.un-documents.net/wsc-dec.htm]] (1990), the [[Conference on Environment and Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36.htm]] (1992), the [[World Conference on Human Rights|http://www.un-documents.net/ac157-23.htm]] (1993), the World Conference on Special Needs Education: Access and Quality (1994), the [[International Conference on Population and Development|http://www.un-documents.net/ac171-13.htm]] (1994), the [[World Summit for Social Development|http://www.un-documents.net/cope-dec.htm]] (1995), the [[Fourth World Conference on Women|http://www.un-documents.net/ac177-20.htm]] (1995), the [[Mid-Term Meeting of the International Consultative Forum on Education for All|The Amman Affirmation: Education for all: Achieving the goal]] (1996), the Fifth International Conference on Adult Education (1997), and the International Conference on Child Labour (1997). The challenge now is to deliver on these commitments.\n# The EFA 2000 Assessment demonstrates that there has been significant progress in many countries. But it is unacceptable in the year 2000 that more than 113 million children have no access to primary education, 880 million adults are illiterate, gender discrimination continues to permeate education systems, and the quality of learning and the acquisition of human values and skills fall far short of the aspirations and needs of individuals and societies. Youth and adults are denied access to the skills and knowledge necessary for gainful employment and full participation in their societies. Without accelerated progress towards education for all, national and internationally agreed targets for poverty reduction will be missed, and inequalities between countries and within societies will widen.\n# Education is a fundamental human right. It is the key to sustainable development and peace and stability within and among countries, and thus an indispensable means for effective participation in the societies and economies of the twenty-first century, which are affected by rapid globalization. Achieving EFA goals should be postponed no longer. The basic learning needs of all can and must be met as a matter of urgency.\n# We hereby collectively commit ourselves to the attainment of the following goals:\n## expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children;\n## ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality;\n## ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning and life skills programmes;\n## achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults;\n## eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls' full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality;\n## improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills.\n# To achieve these goals, we the governments, organizations, agencies, groups and associations represented at the World Education Forum pledge ourselves to:\n## mobilize strong national and international political commitment for education for all, develop national action plans and enhance significantly investment in basic education;\n## promote EFA policies within a sustainable and well-integrated sector framework clearly linked to poverty elimination and development strategies;\n## ensure the engagement and participation of civil society in the formulation, implementation and monitoring of strategies for educational development;\n## develop responsive, participatory and accountable systems of educational governance and management;\n## meet the needs of education systems affected by conflict, national calamities and instability and conduct educational programmes in ways that promote mutual understanding, peace and tolerance, and help to prevent violence and conflict;\n## implement integrated strategies for gender equality in education which recognize the need for changes in attitudes, values and practices;\n## implement as a matter of urgency education programmes and actions to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic;\n## create safe, healthy, inclusive and equitably resourced educational environments conducive to excellence in learning with clearly defined levels of achievement for all;\n## enhance the status, morale and professionalism of teachers;\n## harness new information and communication technologies to help achieve EFA goals;\n## systematically monitor progress towards EFA goals and strategies at the national, regional and international levels; and\n## build on existing mechanisms to accelerate progress towards education for all.\n# Drawing on the evidence accumulated during the national and regional EFA assessments, and building on existing national sector strategies, all States will be requested to develop or strengthen existing national plans of action by 2002 at the latest. These plans should be integrated into a wider poverty reduction and development framework, and should be developed through more transparent and democratic processes, involving stakeholders, especially peoples' representatives, community leaders, parents, learners, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society. The plans will address problems associated with the chronic under-financing of basic education by establishing budget priorities that reflect a commitment to achieving EFA goals and targets at the earliest possible date, and no later than 2015. They will also set out clear strategies for overcoming the special problems facing those currently excluded from educational opportunities, with a clear commitment to girls' education and gender equity. The plans will give substance and form to the goals and strategies set out in this Framework, and to the commitments made during a succession of international conferences in the 1990s. Regional activities to support national strategies will be based on strengthened regional and subregional organizations, networks and initiatives.\n# Political will and stronger national leadership are needed for the effective and successful implementation of national plans in each of the countries concerned. However, political will must be underpinned by resources. The international community acknowledges that many countries currently lack the resources to achieve education for all within an acceptable time-frame. New financial resources, preferably in the form of grants and concessional assistance, must therefore be mobilized by bilateral and multilateral funding agencies, including the World Bank and regional development banks, and the private sector. We affirm that no countries seriously committed to education for all will be thwarted in their achievement of this goal by a lack of resources.\n# The international community will deliver on this collective commitment by launching with immediate effect a global initiative aimed at developing the strategies and mobilizing the resources needed to provide effective support to national efforts. Options to be considered under this initiative will include:\n## increasing external finance for education, in particular basic education;\n## ensuring greater predictability in the flow of external assistance;\n## facilitating more effective donor coordination;\n## strengthening sector-wide approaches;\n## providing earlier, more extensive and broader debt relief and/or debt cancellation for poverty reduction, with a strong commitment to basic education; and\n## undertaking more effective and regular monitoring of progress towards EFA goals and targets, including periodic assessments.\n# There is already evidence from many countries of what can be achieved through strong national strategies supported by effective development cooperation. Progress under these strategies could - and must - be accelerated through increased international support. At the same time, countries with less developed strategies - including countries in transition, countries affected by conflict, and post-crisis countries - must be given the support they need to achieve more rapid progress towards education for all.\n# We will strengthen accountable international and regional mechanisms to give clear expression to these commitments and to ensure that the Dakar Framework for Action is on the agenda of every international and regional organization, every national legislature and every local decision-making forum.\n# The EFA 2000 Assessment highlights that the challenge of education for all is greatest in sub-Saharan Africa, in South Asia, and in the least developed countries. Accordingly, while no country in need should be denied international assistance, priority should be given to these regions and countries. Countries in conflict or undergoing reconstruction should also be given special attention in building up their education systems to meet the needs of all learners.\n# Implementation of the preceding goals and strategies will require national, regional and international mechanisms to be galvanized immediately. To be most effective these mechanisms will be participatory and, wherever possible, build on what already exists. They will include representatives of all stakeholders and partners and they will operate in transparent and accountable ways. They will respond comprehensively to the word and spirit of the Jomtien Declaration and this Dakar Framework for Action. The functions of these mechanisms will include, to varying degrees, advocacy, resource mobilization, monitoring, and EFA knowledge generation and sharing.\n# The heart of EFA activity lies at the country level. National EFA Forums will be strengthened or established to support the achievement of EFA. All relevant ministries and national civil society organizations will be systematically represented in these Forums. They should be transparent and democratic and should constitute a framework for implementation at subnational levels. Countries will prepare comprehensive National EFA Plans by 2002 at the latest. For those countries with significant challenges, such as complex crises or natural disasters, special technical support will be provided by the international community. Each National EFA Plan will:\n## be developed by government leadership in direct and systematic consultation with national civil society;\n## attract co-ordinated support of all development partners;\n## specify reforms addressing the six EFA goals;\n## establish a sustainable financial framework;\n## be time-bound and action-oriented;\n## include mid-term performance indicators; and\n## achieve a synergy of all human development efforts, through its inclusion within the national development planning framework and process.\n# Where these processes and a credible plan are in place, partner members of the international community undertake to work in a consistent, co-ordinated and coherent manner. Each partner will contribute according to its comparative advantage in support of the National EFA Plans to ensure that resource gaps are filled.\n# Regional activities to support national efforts will be based on existing regional and subregional organizations, networks and initiatives, augmented where necessary. Regions and subregions will decide on a lead EFA network that will become the Regional or Subregional Forum with an explicit EFA mandate. Systematic involvement of, and co-ordination with, all relevant civil society and other regional and subregional organizations are essential. These Regional and Subregional EFA Forums will be linked organically with, and be accountable to, National EFA Forums. Their functions will be: co-ordination with all relevant networks; setting and monitoring regional/subregional targets; advocacy; policy dialogue; the promotion of partnerships and technical cooperation; the sharing of best practices and lessons learned; monitoring and reporting for accountability; and promoting resource mobilization. Regional and international support will be available to strengthen Regional and Subregional Forums and relevant EFA capacities, especially within Africa and South Asia.\n# UNESCO will continue its mandated role in co-ordinating EFA partners and maintaining their collaborative momentum. In line with this, UNESCO's Director-General will convene annually a high-level, small and flexible group. It will serve as a lever for political commitment and technical and financial resource mobilization. Informed by a monitoring report from the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), the UNESCO International Bureau of Education (IBE), the UNESCO Institute for Education (UIE) and, in particular, the UNESCO Institute of Statistics, and inputs from Regional and Subregional EFA Forums, it will also be an opportunity to hold the global community to account for commitments made in Dakar. It will be composed of highest-level leaders from governments and civil society of developing and developed countries, and from development agencies.\n# UNESCO will serve as the Secretariat. It will refocus its education programme in order to place the outcomes and priorities of Dakar at the heart of its work. This will involve working groups on each of the six goals adopted at Dakar. This Secretariat will work closely with other organizations and may include staff seconded from them.\n# Achieving Education for All will require additional financial support by countries and increased development assistance and debt relief for education by bilateral and multilateral donors, estimated to cost in the order of $8 billion a year. It is therefore essential that new, concrete financial commitments be made by national governments and also by bilateral and multilateral donors including the World Bank and the regional development banks, by civil society and by foundations.\n//28 April 2000 Dakar, Senegal//\n!!![[Expanded Commentary on the Dakar Framework for Action|http://www.un-documents.net/dakar-ec.htm]]\n

Daphne Cohen received han Ed.D. from Yeshiva University in New York in Administration and Supervision in 2006 , having conducted doctoral research on children’s views on basic concepts in morality. Building upon the work of Piaget, Kohlberg, Vygotsky, and Gilligan, Daphne was awarded a Schupf Foundation Fellowship that funded her doctoral research - undertaken with students at the United Nations International School.\n\nIn addition to pursuing her post-graduate education, Daphne is a Professor at the Graduate School of General and Special Education at Touro College. Professor Cohen teaches a variety of methods courses at Touro integrating technology into various disciplines such as math and science for elementary and middle school teachers. Dr. Cohen also teaches courses for CITE (Center for Integrated Teacher Education) and has taught educational technology and library programs in a variety of day schools. In addition, Professor Cohen has taught online courses for Axia College of the University of Phoenix and Touro College. Daphne is facilitating online courses in the areas of Educational methods integrating technology, math and science for elementary school teachers and critical thinking.\n\nA strong proponent of ongoing professional development with an overriding belief in the importance of utilizing the latest educational resources and technology to meet students’ needs and maintain a challenging, stimulating academic environment, Daphne spearheaded the development of a broad range of educational technology training workshops for school’s, serving as an invaluable resource to assist educators in integrating leading-edge technologies into the core curriculum. She created a comprehensive resource manual encapsulating educational software for early childhood through high school students.\n\nSince 1996, Daphne has developed educational programming and curriculum, established library media centers for educational organizations, and published educational materials. A key highlight in Daphne’s career was the publication of her coauthored work In Search of the Seven Wonders of Noah, a children’s book exploring moral and character education, and a companion educator’s resource guide. Daphne has developed and continues to deliver both teacher and student workshops delving into these publications.\n\nAn enthusiastic and dedicated educator committed to developing responsible, caring, and productive contributors to society, Daphne has a long track record of developing educational curriculum that sparks students’ curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking skills and encourages a life-long love of learning.\n\nPrior to pursuing her doctoral studies, Daphne obtained a Master of Science in Education from Yeshiva University and a Bachelor of Science\nin Elementary Education from Touro College in New York. She holds an Elementary and Early Childhood Education Certification through the\nState of New York as well as a Principal and Teacher’s License from the National Board of License for Teachers and Principals of Private\nSchools in North America. Finally, Dr. Cohen spent a year studying at Jerusalem College in Israel.\n\nDr. Cohen serves as treasurer of the NGO Committee on Education. Dr. Cohen is also a member of the Ethical Union, CEP {Character Education Partnership), AME {Association for Moral Education}, and the APA {American Psychological Association}.

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The contents of this TiddlyWiki web page were generated from a ''~DataPerfect'' database. ~DataPerfect is a little-known, brilliant relational database compantion of the legendary ''~WordPerfect for DOS'', which was used to prepare the text from the pdf files of The Stern Review for input into the ~DataPerfect database. The design of ~DataPerfect makes it an exceptional vehicle for generating content for TiddlyWiki web pages. \n\n~DataPerfect was written, and is still maintained by, ''Lew Bastian'' - older brother of ~WordPerfect's author; before joinging the ''~WordPerfect Corporation'', Lew had worked for ''IBM'', where he had written some of the early disk-caching patents. The development of ~DataPerfect was discontinued by the ''~WordPerfect Corporation'' after the introduction of Windows, and subsequently, Novell made the program freely available; an active ''~DataPerfect Users Group'' - [[www.dataperfect.nl|http://www.dataperfect.nl]] - of which Lew Bastian is a leading member - provides exceptional support.

<<<\nAdopted at the ''World Conference of the International Women's Year'' Mexico City, Mexico. 19 June-2 July 1975\n<<<\n//The World Conference of the International Women's Year//,\n\n//Recognizing// that women of the entire world, whatever differences exist between them, share the painful experience of receiving or having received unequal treatment, and that as their awareness of this phenomenon increases they will become natural allies in the struggle against any form of oppression, such as is practiced under colonialism, neo-colonialism, zionism, racial discrimination and apartheid, thereby constituting an enormous revolutionary potential for economic and social change in the world today,\n\n//Recognizing// also the urgency of improving the status of women and finding more effective methods and strategies which will enable them to have the same opportunities as men to participate actively in the development of their countries and to contribute to the attainment of world peace,\n\n//Convinced// that women must play an important role in the promotion, achievement and maintenance of international peace, and that it is necessary to encourage their efforts towards peace, through their full participation in the national and international organizations that exist for this purpose,\n\nWomen have a vital role to play in the promotion of peace in all spheres of life: in the family, the community, the nations and the world. As such, women must participate equally with men in the decision-making processes which help to promote peace at all levels.\n\nWomen as well as men should promote real, general and complete disarmament under effective international control, starting with nuclear disarmament. Until genuine disarmament is achieved, women and men throughout the world must maintain their vigilance and do their utmost to achieve and maintain international peace.\n!!!Plans of Action\nThe primary objective of development being to bring about sustained improvement in the well-being of the individual and of society and to bestow benefits on all, development should be seen not only as a desirable goal in itself but also as the most important means for furthering equality of the sexes and the maintenance of peace. \n* An essential condition for the maintenance and strengthening of international co-operation and peace is the promotion and protection of human rights for all in conditions of equity among and within nations. In order to involve more women in the promotion of international co-operation, the development of friendly relations among nations, the strengthening of international peace and disarmamentæthe peace efforts of women as individuals and in groups, and in national and international organizations should be recognized and encouraged.\n* Women should have equal opportunity with men to represent their countries in all international forums where the above questions are discussed, and in particular at meetings of the organization of the United Nations system, including the Security Council and all conferences on disarmament and international peace, and other regional bodies.

The ''Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education'', organized by Unesco in co-operation with UNEP, convened in the City of Tbilisi reflecting the harmony and consensus achieved there, solemnly adopts the following Declaration.\n<<<\nIn the last few decades, man has, through his power to transform his environment, wrought accelerated changes in the balance of nature. The result is frequent exposure of living species to dangers which may prove irreversible.\n\nThe [[Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] organized in Stockholm in 1972 proclaimed: "to defend and improve the environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind". This undertaking urgently calls for new strategies, incorporated into development, which particularly in the developing countries is a prerequisite for any such improvement. Solidarity and equity in the relations between nations should constitute the basis of a new international order, and bring together, as soon as possible, all available resources. Education utilizing the findings of science and technology should play a leading role in creating an awareness and a better understanding of environmental problems. It must foster positive patterns of conduct towards the environment and the nations' use of their resources.\n\nEnvironmental education should be provided for all ages, at all levels and in both formal and non-formal education. The mass media have a great responsibility to make their immense resources available for this educational mission. Environmental specialists as well as those whose actions and decisions can have a marked effect on the environment, should be provided in the course of their training with the necessary knowledge and skills and be given a full sense of their responsibilities in this respect.\n\nEnvironmental education, properly understood, should constitute a comprehensive lifelong education, one responsive to changes in a rapidly changing world. It should prepare the individual for life through an understanding of the major problems of the contemporary world, and the provision of skills and attributes needed to play a productive role towards improving life and protecting the environment with due regard given to ethical values. By adopting a holistic approach, rooted in a broad interdisciplinary base, it recreates an overall perspective which acknowledges the fact that natural environment and man-made environment are profoundly interdependent. It helps reveal the enduring continuity which links the acts of today to the consequences for tomorrow. It demonstrates the interdependencies among national communities and the need for solidarity among all mankind.\n\nEnvironmental education must look outward to the community. It should involve the individual in an active problem-solving process within the context of specific realities, and it should encourage initiative, a sense of responsibility and commitment to build a better tomorrow. By its very nature, environmental education can make a powerful contribution to the renovation of the educational process.\n\nIn order to achieve these goals, environmental education requires a number of specific actions to fill the gaps that, despite outstanding endeavours, continue to exist in our present education systems.\n\nAccordingly, the Tbilisi Conference:\n\n//Appeals// to Member States to include in their educational policies measures designed to introduce environmental concerns, activities and contents into their education systems, on the basis of the above objectives and characteristics;\n\n//Invites// educational authorities to promote and intensify thinking, research and innovation in regard to environmental education;\n\n//Urges// Member States to collaborate in this field, in particular by exchanging experiences, research findings, documentation and materials and by making their training facilities widely available to teachers and specialists from other countries; and\n\n//Appeals//, lastly, to the international community to give generously of its aid in order to strengthen this collaboration in a field which symbolizes the need for solidarity of all peoples and may be regarded as particularly conducive to the promotion of international understanding and to the cause of peace.\n<<<\n----\n\n[[Recommendations of the Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education]]

\n\nThe United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972, having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment,\n\nProclaims that:\n\n1. Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when, through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights the right to life itself.\n\n2. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments.\n\n3. Man has constantly to sum up experience and go on discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. In our time, man's capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefits of development and the opportunity to enhance the quality of life. Wrongly or heedlessly applied, the same power can do incalculable harm to human beings and the human environment. We see around us growing evidence of man-made harm in many regions of the earth: dangerous levels of pollution in water, air, earth and living beings; major and undesirable disturbances to the ecological balance of the biosphere; destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources; and gross deficiencies, harmful to the physical, mental and social health of man, in the man-made environment, particularly in the living and working environment.\n\n4. In the developing countries most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development. Millions continue to live far below the minimum levels required for a decent human existence, deprived of adequate food and clothing, shelter and education, health and sanitation. Therefore, the developing countries must direct their efforts to development, bearing in mind their priorities and the need to safeguard and improve the environment. For the same purpose, the industrialized countries should make efforts to reduce the gap themselves and the developing countries. In the industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialization and technological development.\n\n5. The natural growth of population continuously presents problems for the preservation of the environment, and adequate policies and measures should be adopted, as appropriate, to face these problems. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. It is the people that propel social progress, create social wealth, develop science and technology and, through their hard work, continuously transform the human environment. Along with social progress and the advance of production, science and technology, the capability of man to improve the environment increases with each passing day.\n\n6. A point has been reached in history when we must shape our actions throughout the world with a more prudent care for their environmental consequences. Through ignorance or indifference we can do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which our life and well being depend. Conversely, through fuller knowledge and wiser action, we can achieve for ourselves and our posterity a better life in an environment more in keeping with human needs and hopes. There are broad vistas for the enhancement of environmental quality and the creation of a good life. What is needed is an enthusiastic but calm state of mind and intense but orderly work. For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use knowledge to build, in collaboration with nature, a better environment. To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind-a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of worldwide economic and social development.\n\n7. To achieve this environmental goal will demand the acceptance of responsibility by citizens and communities and by enterprises and institutions at every level, all sharing equitably in common efforts. Individuals in all walks of life as well as organizations in many fields, by their values and the sum of their actions, will shape the world environment of the future.\n\nLocal and national governments will bear the greatest burden for large-scale environmental policy and action within their jurisdictions. International cooperation is also needed in order to raise resources to support the developing countries in carrying out their responsibilities in this field. A growing class of environmental problems, because they are regional or global in extent or because they affect the common international realm, will require extensive cooperation among nations and action by international organizations in the common interest.\n\nThe Conference calls upon Governments and peoples to exert common efforts for the preservation and improvement of the human environment, for the benefit of all the people and for their posterity.\n\n''Principles''\n\nStates the common conviction that:\n\n''Principle 1''\n\nMan has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations. In this respect, policies promoting or perpetuating apartheid, racial segregation, discrimination, colonial and other forms of oppression and foreign domination stand condemned and must be eliminated.\n\n''Principle 2''\n\nThe natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate.\n\n''Principle 3''\n\nThe capacity of the earth to produce vital renewable resources must be maintained and, wherever practicable, restored or improved.\n\n''Principle 4''\n\nMan has a special responsibility to safeguard and wisely manage the heritage of wildlife and its habitat, which are now gravely imperilled by a combination of adverse factors. Nature conservation, including wildlife, must therefore receive importance in planning for economic development.\n\n''Principle 5''\n\nThe non-renewable resources of the earth must be employed in such a way as to guard against the danger of their future exhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such employment are shared by all mankind.\n\n''Principle 6''\n\nThe discharge of toxic substances or of other substances and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of the environment to render them harmless, must be halted in order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon ecosystems. The just struggle of the peoples of ill countries against pollution should be supported.\n\n''Principle 7''\n\nStates shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the seas by substances that are liable to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.\n\n''Principle 8''\n\nEconomic and social development is essential for ensuring a favorable living and working environment for man and for creating conditions on earth that are necessary for the improvement of the quality of life.\n\n''Principle 9''\n\nEnvironmental deficiencies generated by the conditions of under-development and natural disasters pose grave problems and can best be remedied by accelerated development through the transfer of substantial quantities of financial and technological assistance as a supplement to the domestic effort of the developing countries and such timely assistance as may be required.\n\n''Principle 10''\n\nFor the developing countries, stability of prices and adequate earnings for primary commodities and raw materials are essential to